Today's Tech News: Notable or Not?

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-ammonia-free-gallium-nitride-semiconductor.html "common semiconductor with ability to handle high voltage and current... large amount of ammonia wasted in nitrogen extraction, expensive to safely dispose of... now produce activated nitrogen applying 100 MHz to one of electrodes... lower temperatures (800 vs. >1,150°C), lowering cost using nitrogen and hydrogen instead of ammonia, faster (no extraction step), fewer impurities... can also be used for growing aluminum nitride, indium nitride, and aluminum indium nitride layers... more efficient power devices"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-strategy-fin-metal-nanosheets-2d.html "2D transistors with electrical capacitance comparable to SiO2... deposit 2-nm-thick dielectrics based on Al2O3 or HfO2 onto 2D substrates of vertically grown metals, forming metal/ oxide stack... integrate with 2D semiconductors forming van der Waals interface... atomic layer deposiion/ 2D semiconductor incompatibility solved, and avoids destructive step of top-gate electrode deposition process onto ultrathin dielectrics... 10−6 A cm−2 leakage currents, low 0.45 V operating voltage,  1 mV  hysteresis"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-class-semiconductor-nanocrystals.html "nanocrystals exhibit dark excitons, where lowest-energy exciton is poorly emitting, slowing light emission of light, limiting nanocrystal-based device performance... Now, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has found at least 4 nanocrystals whee lowest-energy exciton emission are ultrabright, overcoming this limitaion...  also, can emit light across broad spectrum, from IR to UV... better, more efficient LEDs, solar cells, photodetectors, lasers"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-sustainable-method-microchips-nanoscale-devices.html "substituting water for what are often toxic solvents not effective when material used on is hydrophobic (such as silicon wafer)... solved, using silk fibroin to significantly enhance water's ability to evenly cover virtually any surface, depending on how much is added, but in significantly smaller quantities than other surfactants, yields superior quality results, and is non-toxic... can deposit and print biological molecules on virtually any surface with nm precision... hybrid silicon-biological transistors" Related:  Laser Technology for Precision Heat-Treating of Sand in Controlled CO2 Environments https://fox5sandiego.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/735868332/salgenx-introduces-pioneering-laser-technology-for-precision-heat-treating-of-sand-in-controlled-co2-environments/

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-3d-metal-oxide-transistors-fabricate.html "indium oxide layers on CMOS-compatible silicon/silicon dioxide substrates... in-between dielectric insulation layers of parylene-C... each layer patterned/ deposited at room temperature using 72 (instead of 10)-step lithography-based process... maximum field-effect mobility 15 cm2/V-1s-1, subthreshold slope 0.4 V/dec-1, current on/off ratio up to 108... low thermal budget, low interfacial roughness, faster switching speeds, lower power consumption, improved overall performance, compatible with existing manufacturing"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-technique-fabricate-dimensional-circuits-advanced.html "Field's metal: indium, bismuth, tin eutectic alloy melts (62°C)/ freezes at temperature lower than their constituent, attractive for 3D printing... high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, solidifies rapidly avoiding need for support materials/ external pressure... uniform, smooth microwire structures with adjustable widths 100 - 300 µm... faster printing speeds (100 mm/sec), higher resolutions... structures free-standing, self-healing... contact-free wearable sensors, 3D antennas, electromagnetic metamaterials" Related: Novel etching technique enhances absorptivity of powders for metal 3D-printing https://phys.org/news/2024-10-etching-technique-absorptivity-powders-metal.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-extreme-ultraviolet-lithography-technology-benefits.html "smaller light sources, reducing costs, improving reliability/ lifespan, consumes >90% less power... optical projection system of 2 (instead of 10) mirrors... efficiently directs light onto logic patterns on flat mirror (the photomask) without blocking optical path... 2 light sources symmetrically positioned/ illuminate mask at same angle, on average mask illuminated from front, minimizing mask 3D effects... filed patent application"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-optical-fibers-age-quantum.html "sub-optimal due to optical fibers' solid cores... wavelengths of single-photon sources, qubits, and active optical components, for light-based quantum technologies, are different... air pockets running along entire fiber length allowing manipulation of light properties creating entangled pairs, change color, trap individual atoms... also, specialty fibers for quantum repeaters... sources of entangled single photons, quantum wavelength converters, low-loss switches, quantum memory vessels... quantum internet"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-transistor-superlative-properties-broad-electronics.html "ultrathin ferroelectric material where positive, negative charges separate into different layers... electric field causes 1 boron nitride layer to slide over a few angstroms. without degradation, switching nanosecond-scale speed between positive/ negative charges (1's, 0's), billionths of meter thick (denser computer memory storage), ultralow voltages, room temperature... single transistor so far, not yet scalable, need to grow these materials on the wafer scale... nonvolatile computer memory"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-electroplating-strategy-safer-stable-metal.html longer lifespan by creating metal electrode directly inside battery cell, avoiding dendrite formation during charging/ discharging... longer cycle life, more stable, safer... metal produced electrochemically through electroplating... voltage drives electrons to electrode, forming metal on electrode's surface by electron reaction with ions from electrolyte... when recharged, it is through this reaction, same process produces metal electrode directly in battery... better and more stable surface layer" Related: Engineers develop advanced solid-state electrolytes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-advanced-solid-state-electrolytes-high.html Adding thin layer of tin prevents short-circuiting in lithium-ion batteries https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-adding-thin-layer-tin-short.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-strategy-breakdown-strength-polarization-dielectric.html "electrostatic capacitors' ultrafast charging-discharging, ultrahigh power density, now with high capacitance, energy density... in-plane oriented BaTiO3 nanowire fillers and crystallization modulation of polyvinylidene fluoride matrix in in-situ uniaxial stretch process... concurrent increase in electric displacement and breakdown strength of polymer matrix... 843.0 kV/mm voltage endurance, 40.9 J/cm3 energy density... high-power pulse equipment, power transmission and transformation, 5G communication"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-recycled-micro-sized-silicon-anodes.html "high-energy-density batteries... significant volume expansion during charge-discharge cycles overcome...  anodes stable, 99.94% average coulombic efficiency, retaining 83.13% initial capacity after 200 cycles... ether-based dual-layer solid-electrolyte interphase, composed of 3 M LiPF6 dissolved in 1:3 volume ratio of 1,3-dioxane and 1,2-diethoxyethane, flexible yet robust, holds together fractured silicon particles, improvs ionic conduction, minimizes side reactions... survived 80 cycles, 340.7 Wh kg-1 energy density"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-faster-energy-efficient-industrially-important.html "propylene made from propylene, which is made from propane and metal catalyst (chromium or platinum) on support material (aluminum oxide or silicon dioxide) using high temperature... faster, more energy-efficient propylene production... zirconium combined with silicon nitride enhances catalytic conversion (faster, less toxic, less energy since temperature 842 vs. 1,022°F, cheaper since no precious metal)... may also be applicable to other materials' manufacture"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-digital-twin-method-boost-wireless.html "clones wireless network then conducts using real-time data simulations predicting (used open-source datasets) what data users will need before needing it, informing network's edge caching of data closest to end user, making wireless networks faster, more reliable... simulations performed by separate computer, so doesn't slow down network performance... variables: network scale, number of users... balancing data storage across networks, as it predicts network behavior identifying potential problems in advance"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-printable-magnetic-devices-laser-technique.html "optical vortex forward transfer laser printing: shine laser on spatial light modulator, through quarter-wave plate converting beam into circularly polarized optical vortex, then focused onto plate with magnetic ferrite nanoparticles... precisely printing, exhibiting helix-like twisted structures whose direction controllable changing optical vortex's helicity to opposite rotation... fine particle patterning, single twisted crystal synthesis... semiconductors, printable magnetic devices for high-density data storage"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-somersaulting-qubits-universal-quantum-logic.html "quantum dot qubit logic based on hopping of spins/ gates... microwave signals, traditionally used to control qubits,  no longer needed... instead, baseband signals/ small magnetic fields more simply achieve universal qubit control. .. germanium semiconductors enable dot-to dot jumping from 1 platform to next creating torque enabling somersaults and spin rotation control... error rates less than 1K for 1-qubit gates, less than 100 for 2-qubit gates... controlled routines enabling hop spins to any quantum dot in 10-quantum dot array"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-miracle-filter-bought-spintronic-devices.html "replaced store-bought LEDs' electrodes with these layers: 1st is transparent metallic electrode; 2nd blocks electrons having spin in wrong direction (patented chirality-induced spin filter made from hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite, spin-aligned electrons then recombine in 3rd layer, standard semiconductor producing spin-aligned electrons and highly circularly polarized light... less burdensome/ more reliable spin-orientation turning than using ferromagnets/ magnetic fields... spin-LEDs, magnetic memory"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-carbon-nanotubes-significantly-energy-storage.html "can also store 15,000X more energy per unit mass than steel springs... 100X stronger than steel... manufactured carbon nanotube ropes by twisting tubes into single thread, then coating them with different substances increasing strength/ flexibility... tested by twisting them up, measuring energy released as ropes unwound, selected the best... stored energy consistent/ accessible at temperatures from -76 to +212 °F... safer for the human body than those used in batteries... medical implants, sensors"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-closer-optical-universal-gate.html "room temperature polariton condensate universal NOR gate with multiple inputs...  completely optical, up to 1 THz, 100X faster than electric, reproduced/ connected/ cascaded on circuit...  successfully coped with 12 inputs... amplifies weak optical signals tens of thousands of times, by.condensing polaritons into ground state, then into non-ground state at higher energy... disabling the optical signal with the help of light, switching a logical unit to zero"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-memristive-radiofrequency-mmwave-applications.html "frequencies beyond 100 GHz, increasing data transmission rates... 2D hexagonal boron nitride or molybdenum disulfide memristor... stressed (voltage/current pulsed) 2D memristors prompts formation/ disruption of conductive metallic filament... low resistance enables frequencies up to 480 GHz... improved endurance/ yield... multilayered large array h-BN/metal memristors laid-out on RF waveguide allowing high frequencies... >10x improvement... communication circuits, components, on-chip antenna arrays"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-mri-tool-quantum-materials-sensor.html "single molecule attached to scanning tunneling microscope tip, brought within few atomic distances, senses atoms' electric/ magnetic properties... new standard for quantum sensors' spatial resolution... spatial resolution tenth of ångström... quantum materials/ devices, catalysts, molecular systems (biochemistry)" Related: X-ray imagery of vibrating diamond opens avenues for quantum sensing https://phys.org/news/2024-08-ray-imagery-vibrating-diamond-avenues.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-tunable-metasurface-optical-space-path.html "120 X 120 µm metasurface of tunable gold antennas with underlying electrically tunable indium tin oxide semiconductor layer: 1 incoming beam reflects many sidebands (channel) with different destinations/ optical frequencies... controlling flat nanoscale element array of different voltages focusing light (lens-like) or reflect it (mirror-like) to these devices and tune between different passive functionalities...  1,530 nm reflection mode optical frequency enabling huge bandwidth... future: LiDAR applications, space missions"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-synthesis-compound-excellent-intrinsic-magnetic.html "Ssingle-crystal thin film SmFe8.8N1.1 based on Sm-Fe(1–7 series) compound with increased Fe concentration enabling better magnetic properties: extremely high anisotropy field at room temperature (22 Tesla), higher saturation magnetization (1.64 Tesla)... high Curie temperature (770°K) means no thermal degradation so no need for rare-earth neodymium or dysprosium which have supply chain concerns... uses samarium byproduct of rare-earth refinement, balancing rare-earth use... does not require expensive boron"

https://newsen.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/research/14371.html "replaces silicon-based semiconductors... systolic array architecture leveraging carbon nanotube transistor and tensor operation properties... 10X increased speed, reduced power consumption, extends Moore's Law... tensor processing unit based on 3K carbon nanotube field-effect transistors performing convolution operations and matrix multiplication... systolic array supporting parallel 2-bit integer multiply-accumulate operations... 5-layer convolutional neural network 88% accurate with only 295 μW power consumption"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-decomposing-refrigerants-potent-greenhouse-gas.html "99% efficient HFC-134a refrigerant decomposition... >200K tons high alkaline red mud produced annually. containing water/ soil polluting oxides of silicon, heavy metals... heating induces iron/ aluminum interact stably decomposing refrigerants at low temperatures, minimal pollutant generation... heated inducing interactions forming tricalcium aluminate and gehlenite composite, increasing reaction surface area strengthening binding,.. also forms calcium fluoride thin film surface, protecting catalyst" Related: Tamed molecules for more sustainable catalysts: Chemists succeed in synthesizing a spectacular gallium compound https://phys.org/news/2024-09-molecules-sustainable-catalysts-chemists-succeed.html

https://globalventuring.com/corporate/industrial/innovation-china-an-invisible-nanofilm-breakthrough-for-touchscreens/ "silver rnano-thin layer between 2 nano-thin substrates (such as plastic): non-toxic, surface resistance >10X lower than indium tin oxide, low haze, high flexibility, 91% transparency... roll-to-roll magnetron sputtering metal vapor deposition... solar panel increased efficiency/ no failure, increased display performance, increased energy efficiency of buildings/ cars reflecting 90% of IR without blocking visible light,,, flexible/ transparent electrodes for touchscreens and color-changing windows. laser TVs' reflective surface " Related: Transparent solar cells achieve efficiency boost https://innovationorigins.com/en/transparent-solar-cells-achieve-efficiency-boost/

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-combining-atoms-photonics-quantum-devices.html "fast (massively parallel), large (scalable up to thousands of qubits) quantum systems using highly focused laser beams holding individual atom in place, excited in specific sequence,... semi-open chip geometry allowing atom arrays to interface with photonic chips... quantum computation region, then small portion of those atoms containing desired data moved to interconnect region for photon extraction/ transmission through optical fibers simultaneously to hundreds of nanophotonic cavities"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-aluminum-scandium-nitride-enabling-gen.html "ferroelectric enables non-volatile, energy-efficient, fast read/ write... now, won't degrade/ lose polarization when exposed to hydrogen heat during fabrication, regardless of electrode (platinum or titanium nitride) ... Pr remains stable above 120 µC/cm², regardless of electrode/ treatment atmosphere, 5X larger than HfO2-based films, 3X larger than PZT-based... high bond energy between Al/ N prevents hydrogen penetrating film... small Ec change (by only about 9%, attributed only to changes in film's crystal lattice constant)"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-method-tuning-instability-2d-materials.html "mitigates out-of-plane deformation when subjected to geometric constraints, forming ripples, buckling, wrinkling, creases, affecting mechanical, electrical, thermal, lifespan of devices based on suspended 2D... push-to-shear strategy achieves in situ defect observation for 1st time, enabling controllable tuning... local stress/ strain/ curvature changing electronic structure by adjusting wrinkled morphology/ establishing fast proton transport channels... can regulate band structure... semiconductors, flexible devices, composites"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-polymerization-approach-specialty-plastics.html "eco-friendly methylene blue and water, low-energy longer wavelength red/ near IR (maintain efficient polymerization even in larger reactors), during emulsion polymerization... precisely control resulting polymers' molecular weight, dispersity using light-driven mini-emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization stringing together monomers piece-by-piece... light doesn't scatter shining into emulsion making light uniformly available throughout/ faster reactions better control... paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-propagating-entanglement-button.html   "entangle resting with flying qubits in form of photons, with ultracold rubidium atoms connected in parallel sandwiched between 2 almost perfect mirrors, 1 slightly more transparent so photon leaves in precisely predetermined direction, coupling into optical fiber... individually control up to 6 atoms and entangle each with a photon, using optical tweezers... multiplexing maintains entanglement, works almost 100% of time/ almost deterministically, scalable to considerably more qubits... distributed networks, quantum internet"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-centers-quantum.html "quantum simulators simulate/ solve specific problems' complex models (quantum computers aren't yet universally useful)... spin centers: atom-sized quantum magnetic object chains placed in crystal, storing quantum information, communicating with other spin centers, simulating variety of magnetic phases of matter/ transitions between these phases, laser controlled... possible to place spin centers in up to 3D, enabling study of more efficient information storage/ transfer... room temperature quantum computers"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-nanoscale-trilayer-ultrafast-semiconductor-materials.html "2D/1D/2D semiconductors trilayer enabling exciton dissociation in photovoltaics for longer time than peviously... quantum-confined low-dimensional materials' diverse/ tunable electronics/ optics, have enhanced electron-hole Coulomb interactions forming excitons, overcome using rrilayer, increasing charge extraction chances... mimics photosynthesis... double carrier yield of 2D/1D bilayer... solar cells/ solar fuel, optoelectronic semiconductor devices"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-anomalous-brewster-effect-metamaterials.html "enables momentum and near–zero reflection of orbit angular momentum, increasing degrees of freedom of control... enables asymmetric vortex transmission for both electromagnetic, acoustic waves, resulting from combined influence of rotation angle, intrinsic losses... improves data transmission speed and quality, and also mitigates signal loss and distortion, paving the way for more reliable communication networks in the future... various dynamic fields: optical-, acoustic-, elastic-, water- waves"

https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2024/07/03/researchers-unlock--materials-genome---opening-possibilities-for.html "enable creation of sustainable, efficient, cost-effective products... short-range order in crystals'' tiny atomic-level changes measured using atom probe tomography microscopy... test case applied different heat treatments to cobalt-chromium-nickel high entropy alloy... advanced steels (ship hulls), new generation semiconductors/ custom silicon (electronics), lighter high entropy multicomponent alloys with high-temperature strength, neutron irradiation shielding (aerospace), improved magnets (electric motors)” Related: Physicists develop method to detect single-atom defects in semiconductors https://phys.org/news/2024-07-physicists-method-atom-defects-semiconductors.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-intercity-quantum-key-deterministic.html "semiconductor single-photon quantum dots illuminate quantum lights in secure long-distance quantum internet... demonstrated quantum communication between 2 cities via optical fiber of ∼79 km length... sender statically prepares single photons encrypted in polarization. receiver contains passive polarization decoder decrypting polarization states of received single photons, achieving stable/ fast transmission of secret keys... achievable for distances up to 144 km, 28.11 dB loss, for 35 hours"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-styrofoam-polymers-electronics.html "PEDOT:PSS has both electronic, ionic conductivity... sulfonating polystyrene using reagent efficient enough but doesn't mess up polymer chain... 1,3-Disulfonic acid imidazolium chloride... high polymer sulfonation, minimal defects, high efficiency, all while using eco-friendly mild sulfonating agent... varying stoichiometric ratios of starting materials during reaction changing degree of sulfonation,.. upscale into electronic devices including silicon-based hybrid solar cells, organic electrochemical transistors"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-unveils-solvent-free-dry-electrodes.html "dry electrode process: granule formation, film formation, rolling, lamination... high-extrusion-ratio polytetrafluoroethylene binder produces electrode film with high strength even with low energy consumption, leading to improved microstructure/ uniform distribution/ power characteristics... discharge rate capability 80% at 0.5 C-rate (5 mA/cm2) under demanding conditions... scalable, eco-friendly, commercial viability to be demonstrated in second half of 2024"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-magnetic-properties-rare-earth-elements.html "strongest magnets based on rare earths, specifically, their 4f electrons, maintained even when chemical environment changes... but for the first time it has now been discovered that 4f electrons' spatial arrangement can be briefly switched by laser excitation, also enabling fast/ energy-efficient control of magnetism... rare earth terbium excited with ultrashort laser pulse...  even faster/ more energy efficient than magnetic heating by laser pulse method current HAMR memory uses"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-material-small-electronics-batteries-longer.html "low defect density reducing surface electron movement interference, low-power, nearly scatter-free... successor to silicon... taking advantage of/ expanding upon films' thermoelectrics... can be integrated with current super-thin chips... 90 to 150 nm thick version of ternary tetradymite substituting other elements resulting in 2 compositions with separate conduction mechanisms... equilibrium conditions enabling high mobility... computer magnetic memory, cell phones,  robots, drones, wearable devices"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-compounds-cheaper-alternatives-metal-photocatalysts.html "4 boron-, nitrogen-containing multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence compounds performed as well or better. than scarce, costly, toxic catalysts like ruthenium, iridium... strong absorption in light, relative insensitivity of their excited states to solvent polarity, electron-rich make them strongly photoreducing photocatalysts... pinacol coupling, dehalogenation, E/Z isomerization reactions...avoids trace metal contamination in final product... pharmaceutical, agrochemical" Related: Superior light-to-chemical energy conversion with Coulombic dyads https://phys.org/news/2024-09-superior-chemical-energy-conversion-coulombic.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-solid-state-qubits-nanomechanical.html "long coherence times, stable, scalable. programmable solid-state spin qubits.. nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds as qubits... 1 of carbon atoms in tetrahedral structure substituted with nitrogen, resulting in missing carbon atom adjacent to nitrogen, creating vacancy, nitrogen atom forming NV center, having unpaired electron with spin states used as qubits... interaction between spin qubits mediated using nanomechanical resonator mechanical oscillator... enables the creation of large-scale quantum processors" "

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-magnet-vibrations.html "electropermanent magnets maintain magnetism permanently without power supply, but also fitted with coil so that magnetization changed extremely fast using external electric pulse... air suspended platform kept in place by strong magnetic forces... external power also used when big weight  change, when short, strong current pulse is sent through the coil, creating very strong magnetic field for moment changing permanent magnet's magnetization... precise measurements, actively suppress vibrations in mirrors in large telescopes" Related: Scientists develop new structure to control vibration of machines and instruments https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-scientists-vibration-machines-instruments.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-paving-extremely-fast-compact-memory.html "strong magnetoelectric coupling in atomically thin nickel iodide flake: manipulate magnetic field with electric field and vice versa... exciting using fs-scale laser pulses, tracking resulting electric/ magnetic changes/ coupling via impact on specific optical properties.... strong coupling between electrons' spin/ orbital motion on iodine atoms (spin-orbit coupling), and in nickel iodide's magnetic order (spin spiral or spin helix)... computer magnetic memory, chemical sensors, interconnects in quantum computing platforms"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-fridge-free-storage-approach.html "stabilizes proteins, protecting properties/ functionality at temperatures as high as 50°C... withstanding vibration such as when being shipped... hydrogel built from a low molecular weight gelator forming long stiff fibrous 3D network, proteins become trapped in spaces between fibers, unable to mix and aggregate—the process which limits or prevents effectiveness... protein-storing gel stored in ordinary syringe fitted with filter... plunger provides pressure breaking fiber network, releasing protein... insulin, vaccines" Related: Innovative semaglutide hydrogel could reduce diabetes shots to once a month https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-09-semaglutide-hydrogel-diabetes-shots-month.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-metamaterials-highway-concept-potential-efficient.html "entire bit sequences (not just individual bits) stored in 100 nm cylindrical area in thin magnetic layer... overcome data-density limitation by extending into 3D using synthetic antiferromagnet metamaterial: blocks of alternating cobalt and platinum layers separated by ruthenium layers, deposited on silicon wafers... opposite directions of magnetization in,adjacent layer blocks  resulting in net neutral magnetization... control layers' thickness, so also magnetic properties... spintronics, data storage, sensors, magnetic neural networks"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-unprecedented-nanostructuring-silicon.html "traditionally limited to surface-level nanofabrication, limited by µm-scale resolution of laser lithography within silicon... challenges: complex optical effects within wafer and laser diffraction limit... laser pulse spatial light modulation: non-diffracting beam overcomes optical scattering hindering precise energy deposition, inducing voids... feature sizes down to 100 nm, order magnitude better... spatially-modulated laser pulses... nanoscale control over alignment/ symmetry... electronics, photovoltaics, photonics"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-optical-ground-stations-capture-satellite.html "lasers, which use much higher frequencies than radio, travel 1,000's gigabits/ second, .. interruption by clouds/ rain. mitigated using 3 ground stations spread across vast area so at least 1 station has clear sky... at least one station built on back of custom-built Jeep truck for rapid deployment to sites needing ultra-fast space communications, such as remote areas lacking communications due to natural disasters... Earth observation satellites, military, autonomous mining operations, national disaster planning and responses"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-superlubricity-frictionless-state-macroscale.html "previously only achievable at nanoscale... carbon (nanocrystals with graphene footprint variants), sustainably produced/ deposited using high temperature biowaste process, coating substrates of structural steels, Ti, Ni alloys... carbon nanocrystals deform, flatten, coalesce in wear tracks forming graphitic films... under ambient atmospheric conditions,... superlubricious coefficient of friction ~0.003, coating life ~150,000 cycles... automotive fuel efficiency, manufacturing and industrial machinery, electronic devices"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-neural-network-easy-smart-hardware.html "no need to first use computer and then transfer trained models to chip... integrate key components needed for on-chip training on single neuromorphic chip... RAM components made from organic materials... hardware tested with an evolution of the widely used training algorithm backpropagation with gradient descent.... train neural networks on hardware components for fraction of energy cost, very efficient in training... 2-layer (future: large scale) neural networks, ChatGPT, weather forecasting"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-silicon-photonics-large-scale-applications.html "silicon ring resonators: scalable, noise resilience, footprint <0.05 mm2, generating >70 frequency channels spaced 21 GHz apart, enabling parallelization/ control of 34 single qubit-gates using just 3 standard electro-optic devices... generates readily manipulable frequency-bin entangled photon pairs... first fully connected 5-user quantum network in frequency domain... parallelization, and compatibility with existing telecom multiplexing techniques...  quantum computing, ultra-secure communications networks"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-06-3d-flat-surface.html "generating 3D tactile displays on photo-thermal elastic variable mm-scale smooth 2-layer thin polymer film, using IR LEDs adjusting light intensiy, enabling tactile elements' height/ elasticity/ temperature control for different sections... lower photo-thermal layer, facing LED, absorbs light/ generates heat, upper variable elastic layer is hard at room temperature becoming soft when around 50°C heat causes glass-to-rubber transition... adaptive user interfaces in vehicles, braille displays, vehicle interfaces, metaverse, education"

https://phys.org/news/2024-06-event-camera-fourier-field-microscopy.html "records light field information at Fourier domain achieving consistently high spatial resolution across recovered volume... kHz frame rate determined by accumulation time, adjusted in post-processing step without affecting data capture speed... visualizing complex, dynamic 3D biologics: high-frequency blinking brains' voltage signals  with pulse widths as short as 1 ms, blood flow, rapid dynamic signals within scattering tissues (brain simulated by DMD patterns inducing spatiotemporal footprints at kHz rates("

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-06-vortex-solar-cell-materials.html "large polarons, formed from electron interaction with vibrations, rotate around electron forming vortices in halide meal perovskite lattice (of semiconductor), lingering allowing electron flow without energy loss... LEDs, compact ferroelectric memory devices encoding information by the vibration of crystals'atoms under applied electric field... electrons', atoms' vortex structures in polaron quasiparticles contributing to highly efficient solar cells" Related: Bidirectional coordinator enhances ion arrangement in perovskite solar cells https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-bidirectional-ion-perovskite-solar-cells.html Defect passivation strategy improves perovskite solar cell efficiency https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-defect-passivation-strategy-perovskite-solar.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-photoluminescent-aerogel-visible.html "polymeric passive radiative cooling aerogel from biomass... reflects more light than receives due to photoluminescence where molecules absorb visible light, exciting their electrons to higher state resulting in light emission... added freeze-dried salmon sperm DNA to gelatin. allowed to sublimate, leaving behind highly compressed layered aerogel, held together via hydrogen bonds between DNA's phosphates/ gelatin's amino acids, water added so sticks to surface/ self-heals... cools to 16°C below ambient" Related: Researchers develop next-generation cooling material to increase summer cooling efficiency without electricity https://techxplore.com/news/2024-08-generation-cooling-material-summer-efficiency.html Chalk-based coating creates a cooling fabric https://phys.org/news/2024-08-chalk-based-coating-cooling-fabric.html Novel metasurface enables temperature-adaptive radiative cooling https://phys.org/n

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1050284 "observations of individual atomic layers' magnetic fields within crystalline solid using defocus correction algorithms... automates device's control/ tuning speeding up imaging to 10K images over 8.5 hours, minimizes noise obtaining much clearer images containing distinct electric/ magnetic field data... correct for defocusing due to minor focus shifts by analyzing reconstructed electron waves, so free of residual aberrations... atoms' positions/ phases easily discernible with magnetic field"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-photons-doors-advanced-optical-technologies.html "greater variety orbital shapes/ symmetries than electrons, much easier control, achieved combining different optical materials/ arrangements... defects in crystals' cavities isolate photonic states, enhancing density, important for cavity quantum electrodynamics... smaller defects reveal greater enhancement, making them more suitable for integrating quantum dots and creating networks of single photons... smart LEDs, photonic bits of information controlled with quantum circuits, sensitive nanosensors, quantum computing"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-generation-orbital-current-magnetization-dynamics.html "spin angular momentum of electrons called spintronics, these particles' orbital momentum can be called orbitronics... difficult to generate orbital currents... orbital pumping draws inspiration from spin pumping... orbital current generation via magnetization... applying radio-frequency magnetic field to nickel/ titanium bilayer, exciting magnetization in nickel layer, generating orbital current in titanium layer through orbital pumping... future: clarify combined effects of spin currents/ orbital currents... orbitronic devices" Related: Orbitronics Breakthrough Boosts Energy-efficient Tech https://www.miragenews.com/orbitronics-breakthrough-boosts-energy-1326018/

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-prussian-blue-analogs-lithium-ion.html "Prussian blue (iron, carbon, nitrogen) slow kinetics and valence state inactivation overcome... polymeric cathode electrolyte interphase layer through ring-opening reaction of ethylene carbonate triggered by OH– radicals from structural water, improving electrochemical kinetics in organic electrolytes, 125 mAh/g specific capacity, stable lifetime over 500 cycles... high ionic conductivity, durable, efficient, cheap (cobalt/ nickel-free, significantly lowering price of lithium batteries) cathode material" Related: Rational layered oxide cathode design achieves low-cobalt, high-performance lithium-ion batteries https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-rational-layered-oxide-cathode-cobalt.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-potential-anti-perovskites-convenient-synthesis.html "inverted electrical configuration, negative thermal expansion, ionic conductivity... nano amorphous silicon nitride ceramic with nm-sized Ni3InN anti-perovskite crystals embedded... polysilazane precursor chemically modified to include NiCl2 and InCl3 with ammonia heated to 300 °C becomes a-SiN matrix with embedded anti-perovskites in single step... adding excess InCl3, enables single phase Ni3InN... highly microporous, can adsorb/ desorb CO2 for clean energy applications, potential new catalytic functionalities"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-synthesis-method-mos-optoelectronic.html "MoS2 absorbs/ transforms light into electrical charges with high electron mobility enabling rapid signal transmission appealing for optoelectronics... relatively thick (100 nm) MoS2 films with optoelectronic behavior of ultra-thin 2D MoS2 (with only 3–5 MoS2 monolayers).... better control of optoelectronic properties by gaining control on vertical alignment of their constituting MoS2 monolayers... scalable to wafer level... photodetectors, photonic switches, next-generation solar cells, LEDs, renewable energy"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-chemists-robust-molecule-electronic-devices.html "charge flowing through organic semiconductor molecules boosted by dopant molecules... organic dopants contain electrons in high-energy levels readily released into semiconductor... derivatives of tetraphenyl dipyranylidene dopant, with added nitrogen-based amine groups pushing electrons into molecule's central region, improved stability (no degradation after 2 weeks) at high temperatures... resulting molecule dubbed DP7 added to semiconductors by vacuum deposition...much lower electrical resistance... OLEDs"

https://www.postech.ac.kr/eng/could-high-temperature-single-crystals-enable-electric-vehicles-capable-of-traveling-up-to-one-million-kilometers/   "above critical temperature forms high-quality densified single crystals in nickel-based cathode material (N884*2) synthesis, enhancing structural/ chemical stability, durability... crystals' internal grain size increases, densely filling empty spaces... extremely hard, resistant to degradation over extended periods" Related: Farasis Energy Unveils Breakthrough in Million-Mile Battery Technology  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/farasis-energy-unveils-breakthrough-in-million-mile-battery-technology-302202061.html Scientists may have an explanation for why some batteries don’t last https://www.sciencenews.org/article/rechargeable-batteries-life-explanation Study sheds light on the paths leading to the degradation of layered Li-rich oxide cathodes https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-paths-degradation-layered-li-rich.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-art-molecular-crafting-2d-nanostructures.html "creating periodic nanopatterns such as tetragonal, hexagonal, rectangular, oblique, potentially revolutionizing manufacturing processes... integrating block molecule bottom-up self-assembly with top-down lithography enables sophisticated nanostructure formation... evolution from simple columnar phases to complex 2D tiling morphologies in materials like block copolymers, liquid crystals, giant molecules... enables more complex, functional structures for electronics, photonics, materials science"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-compact-scalable-multiple-output-future.html "65nm CMOS based 8 radio frequency elements, each 0.1 mm2 small, -23.5 dB error vector magnitude in 64-quadrature amplitude modulation, record data rates (up to 9.6 Gbps), area efficiency, and beam switching speed... simultaneous send/ receive multiple mm-wave data streams without added hardware... fast-switching phase shifters adjust signal phase within 2.5 ns, clock-based synchronization controlling beam switching timing, enabling support for more data streams simply increasing clock frequency without increasing size"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-method-tenfold-quantum-coherence-destructive.html "cross-correlating 2 noise sources extend coherence time, improve control fidelity (lessens detrimental effects of noise, which can disrupt quantum states and lead to errors), increase high-frequency sensing sensitivity.... protects quantum systems from noise... quantum computers, sensors, cryptography, medical imaging. sensitive measurements (health care)" Related: New multimode coupler design advances scalable quantum computing https://phys.org/news/2024-07-multimode-coupler-advances-scalable-quantum.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-quantum-dot-photon-emitters-violate.html "Bell inequality tests for quantum entanglement: measured correlations between particles must be <= locality bound of 2... quantum dots coupled with waveguide enabling efficiency, coherence, stability control of emitted photons...cooled chip to -269°C minimize unwanted interactions between the quantum dot and phonons in semiconductor... significantly exceeded 2 so violated Bell inequality... 7.2 pW, 1,000X less than traditional single-photon sources... scalable... photonic quantum computing, communication, sensing"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-high-stability-simultaneously-hybrid-bio.html "fibrous solar cell power conversion efficiency increased 40%, fibrous OLED external quantum efficiency increased 47%... M13 bacteriophage biomaterial possesses active groups binding to metal cations, ensuring consistent arrangement of all metal cations, enabling hybrid bio-nanostructure to exhibits high stability in air/ moisture, high-performance from 80 to 150 ℃, washing durability... maximizes surface plasmonic effect... storage materials, piezoelectric devices, solar cells, sensors, OLEDs"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-international-team-high-frequency-future.html "very high frequency, lower power consumption... 2X operating frequency, up to 120 GHz, and without need to apply constant voltage to remain on (not volatile)... hexagonal boron nitride allows ON/  OFF activation applying electrical voltage pulse instead of constant signal, saving energy... up to 120 GHz which is 6G range)... enabled by memristance, without need for traditional memristors... future: between 12 and 18 layer superposition at 260 GHz, enabling stable 2K cycle stability creating commercial demand"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-approach-quantum-mechanical.html "with enough squeezing state twisted /twirled around itself, helpful since preparation of non-gaussian states requires nonlinearities in mechanical oscillator... mechanical resonator inheriting some of nonlinearity from superconducting qubit coupled to via piezoelectric disk.... 2 microwave photons at frequencies f1 and f2 from drives converted into phonon pair at frequency fm of mechanics... nonlinearity is tunable... mechanical qubits, quantum information (metrology) processing, quantum sensing, bosonic quantum simulation"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-material-paves-chip-energy-harvesting.html "thermoelectric silicon-germanium-tin semiconductor alloy transforms computer processor waste heat into electricity... integrates into chip production CMOS process... reduce need for external cooling and power...  same chip photonic, electronic, thermoelectric, somonolithic integrationn... lower thermal conductivity creates greater temperature gradient, essential for efficient heat conversion to electricity"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-physical-nonlinear-tasks-traditional-processor.html "able to learn more complex tasks (XOR, nonlinear regression), fast, low-power, scalable analog system... like the brain, components evolve on own based on local rules without knowledge of larger structure... tolerant to errors, robust to being made different ways, scalable... interfaces with cameras, microphones collecting data requiring processing... simpler, well-understood dynamics, trainable, uses simple modular components... calculates, learns based on physics, not less transparent black boxes"

https://phys.org/news/2024-06-flexible-solution-gases.html "less energy-intensive, cheaper, scalable... molecular linkers oscillate changing pore size... increasing temperature shrinks pore suze... made of small crystalline molecules mostly comprised of silicon, aluminum, oxygen... dynamic covalent chemistry focusing on reversibility of boron-oxygen bond breaking/ reforming... fabrication easy, simple... applied for patent... integrate into membrane-based applications, using much less energy" Related: Surface oxygen functionality controls selective transport of metal ions through graphene oxide membranes https://phys.org/news/2024-07-surface-oxygen-functionality-metal-ions.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-method-size-production-luminescent-quantum.html "crystal growth monitoring/ control during QD synthesis in solution permits desired luminescence planning... cadmium telluride self-assembly in heated aqueous solution is monitored observing light emition color (frequency) to monitor nanoparticle size,.. this in situ technique in real time does not interfere, enabling more precise control, as monitoring equipment also delivers excitation light via optical fiber at appropriate wavelength... optimizes chemical yields and saves energy"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-optoelectronics-gain-chiral-perovskites-iiiv.html "transformed existing commercial LED to also control interconversion electron spin at room temperature, increasing data processing speeds, decreasing power needs... chirality controls spin by creating filter blocking electrons spinning in wrong direction... chiral perovskites lets LED emit polarized light at room temperature without magnetic field... degree of polarization boosted to about 15%, a direct measure of spin accumulation in the LED... LEDs, solar cells, telecommunication lasers" Related: Scientists develop efficient and stable hybrid perovskite-organic LEDs with external quantum efficiency exceeding 40% https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-efficient-stable-hybrid-perovskite.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-vacuum-levitation-motion-optical-electrostatic.html "silica nanoparticle on surface of hybrid optical–electrostatic chip, using miniaturize vacuum levitation platform... cool particle motion to few hundred phonons by combines fiber-based optical trapping and sensitive position detection with cold damping through planar electrodes... signal-to-noise ratios, optical displacement detection capabilities comparable to bulky optical equipment use... force/ torque sensing, precision acceleration, thermodynamics, macroscopic quantum mechanics" Related: Physicists throw world's smallest disco party with a levitating ball of fluorescent nanodiamond https://phys.org/news/2024-08-physicists-world-smallest-disco-party.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-starfish-skeleton-4d-morphing.html "flexible/-sturdy morphing structure inspired by starfish skeleton... strong/ simple calcite microstructure ossicles inside starfish enables holding any body posture changing stiffness of endoskeleton, with minimal energy use... connected in network by collagen fibers forming endoskeleton... self-locking, continuous bending, self-healing, shape memory... scalable, low cost and relative ease of manufacture... robotics, aviation, biomedical (prosthetics, implants)" Related: Scientists offer strong carbon plastics for aviation https://phys.org/news/2024-08-scientists-strong-carbon-plastics-aviation.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-dual-laser-approach-high-resolution.html "combines single-photon absorption from relatively low-cost 532 nm nsvisible-light laser with 2-photon absorption from 800-nm femtosecond UV pulse laser, reducing power requirement as much as 80% for 2D structures, 50% for 3D structures...  found right balance between the printing and inhibition caused by the 2 lasers, to cure photosensitive material... 3D electronics, biomedical micro-robots, tissue engineering 3D structures/ scaffolds"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-electrolyte-boosts-lithium-metal-battery.html "more environmentally friendly, stable, cost-effective... felectrostatic attraction: electrically charged fluorinated molecules transport fluorine to protective layer... only 0.1% by weight of fluorine required, at least 20X lower... seamlessly integrated into existing battery production"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-magnetism-polarized-thermal-pathway-inverse.html "intense non-themal laser pulses manipulate, quickly switch material's magnetization orientation... exposing ferrimagnetic iron-gadolinium alloy to circularly polarized pulses of extreme UV creates strong magnetic response depending on incoming light burst's left- or right-circular polarization... inverse Faraday effect does not rely on light absorption but provides efficient interaction between polarization and magnetism... ultrafast magnetism, spintronics, coherent magnetization control, nonlinear X-ray matter interactions" Related: A new apparatus for analyzing partial coherence in integrated photonic networks https://phys.org/news/2024-09-apparatus-partial-coherence-photonic-networks.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-2d-device-quantum-cooling-voltage.html "matches current technologies' heat conversion efficiency, but operates at low magnetic fields and ultra-low temperatures required for quantum computes... combines graphene's electrical conductivity with indium selenide's semiconductor properties... Nernst effect generates electrical voltage when magnetic field applied perpendicular to 2D object with varying temperature... laser heat source, dilution refrigerator to reach 100° millikelvin"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-theory-reveals-fracture-mechanism-soft.html "new defect-free materials more resistant, durable, environmentally friendly... fracture propagates from material's free surface, starting from elastic instability breaking symmetry, drastically extending as crack network spreading like vortex turbulence in fluids... extremely resistant defect-free devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, with screens withstanding shocks and drops, medical implantable devices, aerospace"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-molecule-shatters-phosphorescence-efficiency-paves.html "high-efficiency phosphorescence without using rare metals (iridium, platinum)... occurs when molecule transitions from high- to low-energy state... often competes with non-radiative processes where molecule loses energy as heat, slowing phosphorescence, efficiency... solves this issue, while rivaling the speed and efficiency of rare metal-based materials... OLEDs, ighting, medical diagnostics"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-mass-production-ultra-large-nano.html "adjusts transparency according to surrounding lighting/ images... hair-thin, made by evenly dispersing 100 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles inside film... light emitted from beam projector creates 100" wide/ clear image, viewing angle 170°, viewable together with scenery beyond screen... can be overlapped with Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal film lowering transparency producing clearer images... roll-to-roll mass-production 10% price of transparent OLED... indoor/ outdoor transparent displays, smart windows"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-possibilities-reservoir-topological-magnetic-ferroelectric.html "fast, energy efficient... physical reservoir have complexity, short-term memory, non-linearity, reproducibility,...hybrid ferroelectrics and magnetic skyrmion vortices moved/ excited by electrical currents, temperature, voltage, light, causing them to grow, shrink, deform.... store energy, change polarization, process data, recognize/ display complex patterns, past inputs better stored/ utilized... time-dependent data, reservoir computing, speech/ image recognition, sensors, embedded systems, smart home applications, Iot"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-lab-world-anode-free-sodium.html "eco-friendly, fast-charging, stable for 100's of cycles... anode-free enables higher cell voltage, lower cell cost, energy density of lithium, but lacks good contact between the electrolyte and the current collector... aluminum powder current collector densified under high pressure forms solid current collector while maintaining liquid-like (actual liquid electrolytes create interphase buildup reducing battery's usefulness) contact with electrolyte enabling it to surround electrolyte and allowing low-cost, high-efficiency cycling" Related:  Using sodium to make more sustainable batteries https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-sodium-sustainable-batteries.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-nanometer-sized-transistors.html "<1 nm width... 2D semiconductor molybdenum disulfide's mirror twin boundary is 0.4 nm 1D metal used as gate electrode overcoming limitations of lithography... 1D MTB metallic phase achieved controlling 2D semiconducto crystal structure at atomic level... channel width modulated by electric field can be as small as 3.9 nm... minimizes parasitic capacitance due to simple structure and extremely narrow gate width... ultra-miniaturized low-power, high-performance semiconductors"

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-viologen-redox-batteries-alternative-vanadium.html "carbon/ oxygen viologens... sulfonate and ester functional groups fit into viologens generating attractive forces between molecules through interactions with water (electrolyte) on viologens' surface, facilitating dispersion of viologens in water. enhancing solubility, stability... introduced alpha-methyl functional group obstacles keeping viologens separated, twist in layered structure generates repulsion between molecules... 2X energy density., 92.4% capacity retention, after 200 cycles 99.4% coulombic efficiency" Related: Scientists simplify design and servicing of vanadium flow batteries to balance power grid https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-scientists-vanadium-batteries-power-grid.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-ink-based-method-recipe-thermoelectric.html "large-scale cost-effective manufacturing, highly efficient... mixes thermoelectric particles with solvent, plus tellurium that reduces defects and helps compact and solidify resulting composite... ink-based production technique also gave them more control over the material's microstructure and final 3D geometry compared with previous methods. Thermoelectric devices can also be used for emission- and refrigerant-free cooling, if electric power is provided... environmentally friendly solid-state cooling and refrigeration" Related:  Solar-Powered Thermoelectric Refrigerator Achieves High Efficiency https://www.azocleantech.com/news.aspx?newsID=35011

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-method-high-capacity-quantum.html "qudits encode information in higher dimensions, transmitting more data... chip allows precise manipulation enabling faster data transfer, increased resistance to errors... maintains quantum properties over long distances... 2-photon entangled state... signal photon manipulated on chip creating 4D qudit using spatial mode and polarization, idler photon remains unchanged as remote control for signal photon... manipulating idler controls signal photon encoding it with information... satellite-based quantum communication" Related:  New light source emits bright, entangled photons for quantum communication https://phys.org/news/2024-08-source-emits-bright-entangled-photons.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-method-quantum-bound-states-superconducting.html "We have observed the Andreev bound states in the long Josephson junction limit, a phenomenon predominantly seen in the short Josephson junction limit. We anticipate that the number of energy levels can be readily adjusted by applying gate voltage alone, offering potential applications in diverse fields such as quantum computing and high-precision quantum sensors"

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-scientists-electron-mobility-crystal.html "naturally found in deep hydrothermal gold and quartz deposits... scientists grew it to 100 nm thin employing molecular beam epitaxy, minimizing defects in its crystalline structure... tetradymites cause cooling effect in commercial thermoelectric coolers... uses far less power than conventional silicon-based spintronics... topological insulator... material's electrical resistance oscillates, meaning very high electron mobility: 10,000 cm2/V-s... spintronics, wearable thermoelectric devices" Related: Can a computer chip have zero energy loss in 1.58 dimensions? https://phys.org/news/2024-07-chip-energy-loss-dimensions.html

https://phys.org/news/2024-07-giant-clams-solar-energy-efficient.html "photosymbiotic, with vertical cylinders of algae growing on their surface, absorbing sunlight after light scattering by iridocytes cell layer... light wraps uniformly around each vertical algae cylinder... 42% quantum efficiency... clams stretch themselves in reaction to changes in sunlight moves vertical columns farther apart, making them shorter and wider, increasing quantum efficiency to 67% (for leaves it is only about 14%)... solar panels that grow algae, or inexpensive plastic solar panels that are made out of a stretchy material"