Viologen redox flow batteries as an alternative to vanadium enhances energy density, cycle life and affordability

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-07-viologen-redox-batteries-alternative-vanadium.html

"carbon/ oxygen viologens... sulfonate and ester functional groups fit into viologens generating attractive forces between molecules through interactions with water (electrolyte) on viologens' surface, facilitating dispersion of viologens in water. enhancing solubility, stability... introduced alpha-methyl functional group obstacles keeping viologens separated, twist in layered structure generates repulsion between molecules... 2X energy density., 92.4% capacity retention, after 200 cycles 99.4% coulombic efficiency"

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