Today's Tech News: Notable or Not?

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-mold-nimble-networks.html "switches connect devices to computer network, manage network data flow, carry out packet scheduling, controlling how data routed through network... switch fields data packets from countless users across network (emails, visits to news sites, or Zoom calls between colleagues), prioritizes and schedules according to network managers' set policies, forwards to neighboring switches until packets ultimately reach end user's device... wide variety of packet scheduling policy options alterable on single piece of hardware"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-electronic-soil-crop-growth.html "eSoil hydroponic electrically conductive cultivation substrate... barley seedlings grew up to 50% more in 15 days when roots stimulated electrically... seedlings process nitrogen more effectively, but it's not clear yet how the electrical stimulation impacts this process,... substrate made of cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, mixed with a conductive polymer called PEDOT... very low energy consumption and no high voltage danger"

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202312666 "generating electricity based on the interaction between water and materials... flexible adjustable hydrovoltaic asymmetric sandwich structure device powers micro-electronics... only consumes renewable energy, low-cost, non-polluting, highly sustainable, and high power density.. working principle depends on evaporation- rather than streaming-potential... multiple device integration enables driving electronic devices for correct operation and energy storage... charges commercial button-type lithium batteries"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-thermoelectric-conversion-magnetic-materials-magnetization.html "anisotropic magneto-Thomson effect (Seebeck and Peltier are other driving effects of thermoelectric conversion) where heat absorption/release proportional to applied temperature difference and charge current (Thomson effect) changes anisotropically depending magnetic direction: heat release generated in Ni95Pt5 alloy larger when temperature gradient and charge current parallel (not perpendicular) magnetization... improved efficiency and energy conservation... fusion area of thermoelectrics and spintronics" Related: Thermoelectric permanent magnet opens new possibilities in thermal management technologies https://phys.org/news/2024-01-thermoelectric-permanent-magnet-possibilities-thermal.html Unified framework shows thermoelectric performance depends on more than the material itself https://phys.org/news/2026-09-framework-thermoelectric-material.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-team-transistors-ferroelectricity-based-polarity-switchable.html "2D) semiconductors with sliding ferroelectricity realizing computing-in-memory, attaining necessary switchable electric polarization in these materials... average memory window 7V with 10V applied voltage, retention times >104 sec, endurance >104 cycles... non-volatility, reprogrammability, and low switching fields sliding ferroelectricity, banking on shear transformation-induced dislocations in 3R MoS2 film... large-scale, high-throughput memory... future:  high switching speed and long retention memory" Related: A ferroelectric dimeric liquid crystal with huge spontaneous polarization and dielectric constant at low temperatures https://phys.org/news/2024-01-ferroelectric-dimeric-liquid-crystal-huge.html Scientists develop fatigue-free ferroelectric material https://phys.org/news/2024-06-scientists-fatigue-free-ferroelectric-material.html New method upgrades liquid crystals ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1029523 "works for >90% of silicon cells including containing boron, oxygen, defects and other impurities... intense light and controlled temperature applied excite molecules changing arrangement and patching up holes caused by light and heat damage... performance... prevent and minimize further degradation for up to 5 years... deployed on-site... also provides fully automated solar panel recycling recovering resources like silicon" Related: Beyond Recycling: Reducing Waste from Solar Modules Before They’re Even Made https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/beyond-recycling-reducing-waste-solar-modules-theyre-even-made Proof of concept study shows path to easier recycling of solar modules https://techxplore.com/news/2024-04-proof-concept-path-easier-recycling.html Trina unveils world’s first fully recycled silicon solar module https://onestepoffthegrid.com.au/trina-unveils-worlds-first-fully-recycled-silicon-solar-module/ New glob...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-aerogel-key-future-terahertz-technologies.html "aerogel made of cellulose and conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS whose absorption of terahertz turned on- off through redox reaction... outdoor applications since water-repellent and can be naturally defrosted via heating by sunlight... conducting polymers biocompatible, tunable (due to ability to change material's charge density), durable... cellulose renewable and relatively low production cost... large modulation range 13 % and 91 %... medical imaging (X-ray substitute, safer), communication, space exploration, radar" Related: Biodegradable aerogel: Airy cellulose from a 3D printer https://phys.org/news/2024-04-biodegradable-aerogel-airy-cellulose-3d.html Polaron interfacial entropy as a route to high thermoelectric performance in DAE-doped PEDOT:PSS films https://phys.org/news/2024-04-polaron-interfacial-entropy-route-high.html Highly sensitive, foldable detector represents a step toward safer X-r...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-all-optical-faster-processors.html "no resistive-capacitive delays with photonics, so theoredically 1,000X faster clock speeds...  aluminum-doped zinc oxide picosecond switching time, plasmonic titanium nitride >100X slower... bimetallic nature of switch enables multiple purposes depending on wavelength used... slower applications like memory storage switch with 1 material; for faster applications, switch with other one... switch state when switched on by light beam functioning as light absorbers or reflectors depending on operation wavelength" Related: All-Optical Computer Unveiled With 100 GHz Clock Speed https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/all-optical-computer-unveiled-with-100-ghz-clock-speed Revolutionizing Data Centers: Penn Engineers’ Breakthrough in Photonic Switching https://blog.seas.upenn.edu/revolutionizing-data-centers-penn-engineers-breakthrough-in-photonic-switching/ All-optical 100 GHz chip shatters clock speed limi...

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-super-smart-hardware-drastic-power-consumption.html "Data centers collectively 2% total U.S. electricity use... device tells developers what the program written spends time on and why, so programs can be changed to do same job more efficiently... time thieves identified and removed from software... can find and correct systematic errors... chips are used in cloud infrastructure, in all data centers, as well as in laptops, desktop computers, and smartphones. There are several of them in your TV, and your car"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-breakthrough-technology-amplifies-terahertz-6g.html "combining THz nano-resonator with AI-based inverse design method based on physical theoretical model, enabling personal computer optimization in <40 hours instead of potentially 100s of years... THz nano-resonator electric field generated surpasses general electromagnetic waves by >30,000X, a 300% efficiency improvement... ultra-precise detectors, ultra-small molecular detection sensors, and bolometer studies"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-ultra-high-processor-advance-ai-driverless.html "analyze 400,000 real time video images concurrently... >10,000X faster. record 17 Terabits/s... integrated optical microcomb, which overcomes the bandwidth and energy limitations inherent in electronics... portable, ultra-precise... handheld breath scanners, AI. robotic vision, detecting small object movements in space or finding Earth-like exoplanets driverless cars, medical imaging"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-material-hydrogen-based-batteries-fuel-cells.html "simpler, improved safety, efficiency, and energy density... lanthanum hydrides, replacing some of the lanthanum with strontium and adding pinch of oxygen... ball-milling, followed by annealing... solid-state fuel cell made from the new material and titanium, varying the amounts of strontium and oxygen in the formula. With an optimal value of at least 0.2 strontium, they observed complete 100% conversion of titanium to titanium hydride, or TiH2. This means that almost zero hydride ions were wasted" Related: Exceptional oxide ion conductivity at lower temperatures offers potential solution for solid-state fuel cells https://techxplore.com/news/2024-04-exceptional-oxide-ion-temperatures-potential.html Room-temperature synthesis produces hollow nanodome catalyst, slashing fuel cell costs and extending life https://phys.org/news/2025-08-room-temperature-synthesis-hollow-nanodome.html Researc...

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-programmable-logical-quantum-processor.html "encodes up to 48 logical qubits, executing hundreds of logical gate operations (large-scale algorithm execution)... fault-tolerant (reliably uninterrupted)... neutral atom array using block of ultra-cold, suspended rubidium atoms (qubits) entangled in pairs mid-computation... parallel, multiplexed control entire patch of logical qubits, using lasers... more efficient and scalable than having to control individual physical qubits... future: configure to run continuously, as opposed to manual cycling" Related: Ultracold neutral atoms could be the key to developing the first useful quantum computer https://phys.org/news/2025-06-qa-companies-quantum-ultracold-neutral.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientist-discover-how-to-convert-co2-into-powder-that-can-be-stored-for-decades/ "exposed CO2 to catalysts and then electrolysis forming sodium formate powder... highly efficient conversion... does not corrode storage tanks... also designed a refrigerator-sized fuel cell that uses a liquefied version of the stored power... more promising than hydrogen (storage problems) and methanol (toxic fumes)... homes, heavy industry" Related: Revolutionary breakthrough: Engineers turn carbon dioxide into endless energy source https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/revolutionary-breakthrough-engineers-turn-carbon-dioxide-into-endless-energy-source/ CO2 turned into fuel: Japan’s scientists convert captured carbon into green fuel https://interestingengineering.com/energy/co2-turned-into-fuel-japan Chemical engineers provide new insights in CO₂ conversion with electricity https://phys.org/news/2024-09-chemical-insights-conversion-electric...

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-phosphorescent-oleds-blue-intensity-longer.html "uses full color suite of OLEDs... lifespan 10s of thousands of hours enable commercial viability... lights that meet the Department of Energy's 50,000-hour lifetime target... increase a device's battery life by 30%... nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency... brighter colors for longer periods of time with less power... sandwiching cyan material between 2 mirrors, only deepest blue persists... plasmon-exciton-polariton allows organic material to emit light very fast" Related: New research opens avenues for more efficient and stable blue OLED displays https://phys.org/news/2024-02-avenues-efficient-stable-blue-oled.html Collaborating scientists offer insights on improving blue OLED performance for displays and lighting https://phys.org/news/2024-02-collaborating-scientists-insights-blue-oled.html Researchers develop a new strategy to enhance blue perovskite LED performance https://ph...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-magnetism-pressure.html "selecting among 2 types of magnetism by pushing a button: charge induced magnetic field (electric current), or collective alignment of magnetic spins... geometrical frustration, when randomly arranged spin pairs formed with some spins not finding partner, is reduced by putting crystal under pressure, changing magnetic interactions between electrons... temperature of magnetic phase transition increased >10%... goal to completely eliminate antiferromagnetism... quantum computers and associated secure data storage" Related: Shedding light on new type of magnetism in quantum materials https://techxplore.com/news/2026-07-magnetism-quantum-materials.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-team-analog-hardware-solution-real-time.html "based on memristor... analog in-memory computing module implements matrix-matrix-vector multiplication avoiding pre-calculation of matrix, by forming feedback loop mapping local competitive algorithm... compressed data converted as input voltage... recovery of 1D sparse signals, 2D natural RGB images and MRI... normalized mean square error 0.01, peak signal-to-noise ratio of images 27 dB, 1-2 orders magnitude faster... medical imaging, wireless communications, object tracking, single-pixel cameras"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-adding-small-amount-solid-carbon.html "added 18 ppm graphene to electrical-grade copper, the temperature coefficient of resistance decreased 11% without decreasing electrical conductivity at room temperature. and 1% motor efficiency gain... solid-phase processing extrudes composite wire leading to uniform, near pore-free microstructure punctuated with tiny flakes and clusters (making better high-temperature conductors) of graphene responsible for decreasing coefficient of resistance... now measuring strength, fatigue, corrosion, and wear resistance" Related: These Four Teams Are Building a Better Copper or Trying To Replace It https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2024/copper-is-king-but-its-time-for-a-metal-meritocracy.html Ultrathin conductor surpasses copper for more energy-efficient nanoelectronics https://phys.org/news/2025-01-ultrathin-conductor-surpasses-copper-energy.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-team-optical-technique-simultaneously-gigahertz.html "3D optical burst pulse intervals ranging from 10 ps to 10 ns dispersed horizontally through diffraction gratings, spatially separating pulse into different GHz using parallel mirrors... vertically aligned pulses undergo individual spatial modulation, each uniquely shaped position shifts and peak splitting... ultrafast imaging simultaneously capture dynamics in different wavelength bands and temporal intervals... compact design... high-speed photography, precision laser processing and therapy, acoustic wave generation" Related: Investigating communication breakdown due to self-heating effect in bulk acoustic wave filters https://techxplore.com/news/2024-02-communication-breakdown-due-effect-bulk.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-teleporting-images-network.html "2 entangled photons (not needing more) sending 1 to receiver, which overlaps it on nonlinear detector with information that is to be sent not physically, so secure, while quantum link connecting parties is established by exchange of such photons... nonlinear 15 dimensional (scalable for more) secure channel optical fiber quantum network not strictly teleportation (for now) between 2 parties, provided protocol does not need to be fed with single photons, as would be case for quantum repeaters... picture, unique fingerprint, face" Related: New quantum breakthrough could transform teleportation and computing https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/09/250912195122.htm

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-technology-microleds.html "laser-induced etching forms arrays of 20 μm holes with high aspect ratio on glass substrates at fabrication speed of up to 7K holes/ s... connects to vacuum force selectively picking up and releasing microLEDs... higher adhesion switchability enabling use of various heterogeneous materials, sizes, shapes, and thicknesses onto arbitrary substrates with high transfer yields... displays' light source utilizing <100 μm sized LEDs with an ejector system: large screen TVs, flexible/stretchable devices, wearable phototherapy patches" Related: Automated technique for large-scale graphene transfer can boost electronic chip production https://phys.org/news/2025-03-automated-technique-large-scale-graphene.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-vapor-deposition-covalent-framework.html "produce ordered 2D crystalline COFs fast, low-cost, scalable... control of sheet orientation, ensuring pore alignment, facilitating creation of high-quality membranems in <=20 minutes... vapor deposition temperatures up to ~644°F could be used to synthesize organic molecules... battery separators and organic transistors, semiconductor devices, sensors, filtration and desalination, drug delivery, catalytic processes" Related: The power of pause: Controlled deposition for effective and long-lasting organic devices https://phys.org/news/2024-01-power-deposition-effective-devices.html Study shows 3D-covalent organic frameworks can be tuned using structural isomers https://phys.org/news/2024-03-3d-covalent-frameworks-tuned-isomers.html Delicate membranes given super strength to transform green energy tech https://www.technology.org/2026/04/14/delicate-membranes-given-super-strength-to-transform-green-energy...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-strategy-higher-temperature-superconductors.html "thin cuprate crystal superconducting diode... without application of magnetic fields... clean interface between 2 thin layers of cuprate bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide... high-temperature (-288°F) superconductor... then, at -130°F, stacked them at 45° twist, retaining superconductivity at the interface... maximum supercurrent passing without resistance is based on current's polarity, and reversing might be incorporated into quantum bit; topological phases featuring quantum states protected from imperfections" Related: Scientists reveal the first unconventional superconductor that can be found in mineral form in nature https://phys.org/news/2024-03-scientists-reveal-unconventional-superconductor-mineral.html Uncovering the mysteries of high-temperature cuprate superconductors https://phys.org/news/2025-08-uncovering-mysteries-high-temperature-cuprate.html Energy of charge carrier pairs ...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-bacterium-big-impact-rare-earth.html "eco-friendly... changed the genome of Vibrio natriegens with plasmid MP6, which introduces errors into genome and screened mutants for increased biosorption of rare earth elements... results highlight just how many genes likely contribute to biosorption as well as the power of random mutagenesis in identifying genes of interest and optimizing a biological system for a task,.. cheaper, since no need to purify proteins... smartphones, computers, electric cars, and wind turbines" Related: Biosensor can detect rare earth elements for more efficient resource extraction https://phys.org/news/2025-01-biosensor-rare-earth-elements-efficient.html Eco-friendly rare earth element separation: A bioinspired solution to an industry challenge https://phys.org/news/2025-03-eco-friendly-rare-earth-element.html New gel-based system allows bacteria to act as bioelectrical sensors https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1119987

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-permselectivity-reveals-cool-side-nanopores.html "switching off electrically driven ion flow in 1 direction through nanopore poret... if pore surface negatively charged, negative ions interact with it rather than pass through, and only positive ions flow, taking energy with them... high (low) ion concentrations from increased (decreased) electricity = increased (decreased) temperature... scalable... generate electric potential using temperature gradient... temperature sensing, blue energy harvesting, microelectronics, nanomedicine"

https://www.ucf.edu/news/ucf-researcher-discovers-new-technique-for-photon-detection/ "phase-change material shifts oscillation frequency based on light strength... long wave IR detection and thermal imaging 8 to 12 µm range... photons modulate oscillating circuit frequency and detected as frequency shift... outstanding noise equivalent power, response time and detectivity... high detectivity, room temperature, fast response, easily integrated with electronic readout circuitry without need for complex hybridization, FM-based,... remote sensing, medical diagnostics, communications, security"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-silicon-heterojunction-solar-cells-efficiencies.html "high power conversion efficiencies, lean and low-temperature processing, low temperature coefficients, scalable, more affordable... doped hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon or its alloys with oxygen and carbon... high conductivity, relatively low shadowing losses and contact resistivity... improved large-area uniformity of high quality nc-SiOx:H window layer... doped indium oxide (IMO, 80 nm)... current density and fill factor improve to 40.80 mA/cm2 and 86.28% using seed-free plated copper electrodes" Related: New copper antimony sulphide solar cell design promises 16.17% efficiency https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/03/01/new-copper-antimony-sulphide-solar-cell-design-promises-16-17-efficiency/ How to choose best HJT solar cell? https://hjtpv.com/hjt-solar-cells-leascend/ Defect passivation strategy sets new performance benchmark for antimony trisulfide solar cells https://techxplore.c...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-discovery-magnetic-liquid-crystal-quadrupole.html "square-lattice iridium oxide Sr2IrO4 flows like liquid, while constituent molecules aligned like solid... formation of spin quadrupole moments occurs at higher temperatures than the magnetic order. Within this temperature range, the iridium oxide has only spin quadrupole moments but no magnetic order, realizing a spin-nematic phase... quantum computing, information technologies, potential for high-temperature superconductivity" Related: Evidence of long-sought “quantum spin liquid” discovered https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1088636 Researchers observe nematic order in magnetic helices, echoing liquid crystal behavior https://phys.org/news/2025-07-nematic-magnetic-helices-echoing-liquid.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-electronic-pathways-atomic-vibrations-magnetism.html "phonons govern thermal conductivity and carrier properties... crystalline topological insulator made of lead telluride with enough added tin to enable band inversion which are insulating in bulk but have conducting electronic surface states, making chiral phonons' magnetic moment 2 orders magnitude larger... goal to enhance thermal conductivity... communications, clean energy and aerospace" Related: Polaritons open up a new lane on the semiconductor highway https://engineering.purdue.edu/ME/News/2023/polaritons-open-up-a-new-lane-on-the-semiconductor-highway

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-n-i-p-perovskiteorganic-hybrid-tandem-solar.html "inorganic, so thermally stable... ambient, simpler processes so scalable... less degradation... hot-air assisted spin coating technique and polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-based NBG for fabrication of this monolithic two terminal 'n-i-p' hybrid tandem solar cells (2T-HTSCs)... 23.07%, efficient, 2.110 V open-circuit voltage, retaining >90% of initial efficiencies for >600 hours of maximum power operation... tandem solar cells, artificial photosynthesis, agri-voltaics, internet of things... future: triple- or multi- junction" Related: Scientists unveil blueprint for affordable solar cells to power Saudi Arabia and beyond https://techxplore.com/news/2024-01-scientists-unveil-blueprint-solar-cells.html Researchers build selenium–silicon tandem solar cell that could improve efficiency to 40% https://techxplore.com/news/2024-04-seleniumsilicon-tandem-solar-cell-efficiency.html#goo...

https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2023/ultra-hard-material-to-rival-diamond-discovered "carbon and nitrogen precursors subjected to pressures between 70 and 135 gigapascals and temperatures >1,500°C, resulting material tougher than cubic boron nitride, 2nd hardest material after diamond... 3 carbon nitride compounds retained diamond-like qualities when returned to ambient pressure and temperature conditions, also exhibiting photoluminescence, high energy density, ultra-incompressibility.... protective coatings for cars and spaceships, high-endurance cutting tools, solar panels and photodetectors" Related: Synthetic diamond with hexagonal lattice outshines the natural kind with unprecedented hardness https://phys.org/news/2025-02-synthetic-diamond-hexagonal-lattice-outshines.html Scientists design superdiamonds with theoretically predicted hexagonal crystal structure https://phys.org/news/2025-08-scientists-superdiamonds-theoretically-hexagonal-crystal.html#google_vignette UC Irvin...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-breakthrough-semiconductor-synthesis-paves-advanced.html "organic semiconductors improve movement and light properties of electrons in carbon-centered electronic devices... replaced carbon-carbon with isoelectronic boron-nitrogen bonds, enabling precise modulation of electronic properties by changing bonding length and angle, utilizing continuous BNBN anthracene derivative molecules unit formed by its conversion at zigzag edge... organic semiconductors  used as blue host in OLED, with low 3.1V and more efficient current utilization, energy efficiency, and light emission"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-ultrafast-lasers-electrons-ballistic-graphene.html "guide electrons to 1 graphene layer while still occupying hole in other graphene layer, forcing electrons to stay mobile longer... guided using tightly focused laser spot to free some electrons to move, using sample's reflectance (% of light they reflect). to measure time period (improved from 1- to 50-trillionths of second, about 20 of those ballistic).and speed of ballistic transport of electrons in graphene 22 km/s before running into something... result is faster, more powerful, and more energy efficient electronic devices"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-stable-hybrid-laser-3d-micro-optics.html "withstands heat and power inherent inside laser... significantly reduced laser size (5 X 5 cm2) using 3D printing micro-optics directly on glass fibers inside laser... output >20 mW at 1063.4 nm... robustness, and low cost of fiber-based lasers, but with advantages of crystal-based solid-state lasers such as different powers and colors... optics designed using software... lenses printed at end of fibers focus and collect  light into and out of laser crystal... lidar, cancer treatment, lithography and laser marking" Related: Direct 3D printing of nanolasers can boost optical computing and quantum security https://phys.org/news/2026-01-3d-nanolasers-boost-optical-quantum.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-world-universal-metasurface-antenna-high-security.html "independent and simultaneous manipulation of amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization and direction of electromagnetic radiation through software control... can manipulate information by directly generating the modulated waveform in free space... low cost, high integration and low power consumption... integrating sensing and communications... large-capacity, high-security/ privacy due to inherent direction modulation...  6G wireless, real-time imaging and wireless power transfer"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-batteries-harnesses-power-indefinite-causal.html "composed of microscopic particles like arrays of atoms which are quantum... charge using optics and indefinite causal order (ICO) quantum effect allowing superposition enabling charging more energetic battery with significantly less power... more energy stored and thermal efficiency... lower-power charger provide higher energies with greater efficiency than comparably higher-power charger using same apparatus (inverse interaction effect)... solar panels with reduced degradation from heat, EVs, smartphones" Related: Quantum Batteries Promise Lightning-Fast Charging Speeds https://www.eetimes.eu/quantum-batteries-promise-lightning-fast-charging-speeds/ Scientists propose new scheme for the quantum battery using waveguides https://phys.org/news/2024-03-scientists-scheme-quantum-battery-waveguides.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-spintronic-probabilistic-compatible-current-ai.html "stochastic magnetic tunnel junction (sMTJ) interfaced with powerful Field Programmable Gate Arrays... feedforward neural networks... fastest circuit-level probabilistic bits using in-plane sMTJs, fluctuating every ms or so, about 3 orders magnitude faster... enforces hardware level update order and leverages layer-by-layer parallelism... scalable using CMOS-compatible MRAM,... enables machine learning applications, unlocking efficient hardware realization of deep/convolutional neural networks... inference and sampling"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-method-fabricate-optical-devices-specifications.html "machine learning to build digital simulator mimicking photolithography, utilizing real data to model fabrication of design... user specifies outcomes, then 2 simulators: optical captures how light projected on device's surface, and resist model shows photochemical reaction producing features on surface... in downstream task, learned photolithography simulator applied to physics-based simulator...  miobile cameras, AR, medical imaging, entertainment, and telecommunications"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-next-generation-nanocatalysts-revolutionize-electron.html "minimum side reactions... viologen molecule efficient electron donor and acceptor... temperature-dependent phase transition responds to viologen's redox changes... phase transition dependent on temperature... discernible shift, oscillating between swollen state in its oxidized form (PNAV2+) and a shrunken state in its reduced form (PNAV+)... active sustainable cyclic electron transfer photoinduced water splitting (hydrogen production), electrochemical reactions, macromolecular recognition, bio-inspired soft materials"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-field-induced-superconductivity-quantum-materials.html "as temperature decreased, increasing magnetism led to ferromagnetism having larger influence on superconductivity (sc)... narrow strain range permitted field-induced sc... antiferromagnetic parent compound strong biquadratic interaction between metallic moments manifesting large magneto-structural coupling... Zeeman splitting... field-induced sc between temperature range, strain and magnetic field facilitated high tunability with simultaneous co-existence of sc, nematic, and ferromagnetic phases... spintronics"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-paves-advanced-quantum-networks.html "nanomechanical resonators act as bridges between superconducting circuits and optical fibers... photons scattered directly from waveguide to resonator,.. mechanical frequency exceeded optical linewidth... raising mechanical frequency 2 orders magnitude and tenfold rise in optomechanical coupling rate... nanometric silicon beams suspended and free to vibrate so that IR and mechanical vibrations confined simultaneously... laterally placed waveguide positioned to permit coupling optical fiber to cavity gave dissipative coupling"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-scientists-environment-friendly-cost-effective-approach-energy.html "1 ton conventional cooling replaced with 20 bar, 500-L air tank operating for hour... large-scale compressed air energy storage using depleted oil wells using compressed air tanks, air motor, gear box, and generator... cooling effect produced by adding heat during air expansion producing chilled water as low as 5°C to circulate in cooling systems... heating produced during air compression into storage tanks during winter... large-scale industrial settings or combined power plants" Related: Breakthrough in Energy Storage: Compressed Air Rivals Batteries https://ts2.space/en/breakthrough-in-energy-storage-compressed-air-rivals-batteries/ Cold-expanding materials may solve lithium-ion battery winter woes https://techxplore.com/news/2025-01-cold-materials-lithium-ion-battery.htm Improvements to Electric Vehicles Ease Concerns About Range Loss in Cold Climates https://insidecli...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-cotton-based-fiber-smart-textiles.html "dissolved cotton cellulose from recycled t-shirts into solution and conductive polyanaline polymer into another separate solution, then merged side-by-side, and extruded to make 1 fiber in 2 sections... achieving right mixture at interface of cotton cellulose and polyaniline for good interfacial bonding... LED light was powered and ammonia gas was sensed... patches could be part of uniforms for firefighters, soldiers or workers who handle hazardous chemicals. health monitoring or exercise shirts acting as fitness monitors" Related: Engineers fashion strands of conductive fiber that can be woven into clothes https://techxplore.com/news/2024-02-fashion-strands-fiber-woven.html Building semiconductors into wearable fabrics using fiber pulling technique https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/01/scientists_don_thinking_cap_in/ A dynamically stable self-healable wire based on mechanical–electrical coupling https://p...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-high-performance-quantum-dot-photosensor-external.html "stably measure light signals without external power, (photovoltaic effect)... improved electrical properties by controlling dot size (ultra-thin) and composition (eco-friendly copper-indium-selenide)... organic-inorganic hybrid charge transfer layer, and photosensor with record performance even with quantum dot absorption layer 40 nm... wearable pulse sensor combines photosensor produced on polymer-based flexible substrate with light source, stable even in radius of curvature 0.5 mm... also: infrared cameras, lidar"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-tesla-class-iron-based-superconducting-high.html "based on the parameters of three 100 m long iron-based superconducting tapes. They explored and perfected the process of coil development, and set up the test system of iron-based superconducting coil in high field... higher magnetic field using seven large-sized iron-based superconducting double pancake coils (DPCs) was demonstrated with promising results... generated central magnetic field strength 1.03 T in 20 T background field of WM3 water-cooled magnet surpassing previous record"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-logical-qubits-quantum-errors.html "logical qubits rely on built-in redundancy of entanglement for error correction, rather than on redundant copies of information relied on by hardware-based qubits... quantum computer with 48 logical qubits, the most yet, built by separating thousands of rubidium atoms in vacuum chamber near absolute 0, and used lasers to entangle atoms creating 48 qubits which were made to interact using optical tweezers avoiding need for wires... quantum computer with fewer errors" Related: A physical qubit with built-in error correction https://phys.org/news/2024-02-physical-qubit-built-error.html New system boosts efficiency of quantum error correction https://phys.org/news/2024-04-boosts-efficiency-quantum-error.html Quantum computing breakthrough could happen with just hundreds, not millions, of qubits using new error-correction system https://www.livescience.com/technology/computing/major-quantum-computing-milestone-could...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-surface.html "more energy efficient and cost-efficient... micro-structured boiler releasing more bubbles and at 1/10th usual size, carrying heat away from surface... fabricating array of micro-cavities (larger and more durable for bubbles than for droplets) onto boiling surface where bubbles form and grow... cavity pairs placed close together, causing bubbles to coalesce at small sizes where surface tension is strong, causing them to jump from hydrophilic surface enabling use of uncoated metals... data centers, nuclear power plants"

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-experimental-evidence-hopfions-crystals-dimension.html "Skyrmions are 2D, while hopfions are 3D structures within magnetic sample volume resembling closed, twisted skyrmion strings in donut-shaped ring in simplest case.... stabilized in B20-type FeGe plate crystal using transmission electron microscopy and holography... topological solitons in 3D chiral magnets... compared to skyrmions, hopfions have an additional degree of freedom since 3D... racetrack memory, neuromorphic computing, and qubits" Related: Electrically controllable 3D magnetic hopfions realized in chiral magnets https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1116521 The first direct observation of laser-created isolated hopfions https://phys.org/news/2026-05-laser-isolated-hopfions.html Generation of Extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal skyrmions and vector hopfions https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1139312

https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinese-HTR-PM-Demo-begins-commercial-operation "2 small reactors (each 250 MWt) that drive single 210 MWe steam turbine... helium coolant and graphite moderator. Each reactor loaded with >400K spherical fuel pebbles, each containing 7g fuel enriched to 8.5%... inherently safe, containing radioactivity at temperatures up to 1620°C... cooled down naturally without emergency core cooling systems, for first time... co-generate high temperature steam up to 500℃ and electricity... reactor provides record amount high-temperature process heat... petrochemical industry" Related: NANO Nuclear Energy’s Game-Changing Leap in Clean Energy Innovations https://angmv-mr.org/nano-nuclear-energys-game-changing-leap-in-clean-energy-innovations/ Nano Nuclear Energy: The Future of Clean Power? https://angmv-mr.org/nano-nuclear-energy-the-future-of-clean-power/#google_vignette Pebble-bed reactor using helium gas as a coolant instead of water https://...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-optical-storage-breakthrough-capacity-diamonds.html "store many different images at same place in diamond using slightly different color laser to store different information into different atoms in same microscopic spots... control color centers' electrical charge precisely using narrow-band laser and cryogenic conditions, enabling writing and reading data at finer level down to single atom... circumvents diffraction limit exploiting slight color (wavelength) changes existing between color centers... writing data with sub-diffraction resolution... can infinitely write, erase, and rewrite " Related: Record-breaking diamond storage can save data for millions of years https://www.newscientist.com/article/2457948-record-breaking-diamond-storage-can-save-data-for-millions-of-years/ Atomic arrays enable negative refraction, bypassing metamaterial limitations https://phys.org/news/2025-02-atomic-arrays-enable-negative-refraction.html Silicon nitride...

https://news.arizona.edu/story/new-wearable-communication-system-offers-potential-reduce-digital-health-divide "also enables wireless battery charging over 2 meters... uses LoRa, a patented type of LPWAN technology... circuitry and an antenna is large box seamlessly integrated into soft wearable custom 3D-printed to fit user... future: serve hundreds of square miles and hundreds of device users, using only a small number of connection points... monitor and transmit biological signals"

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-enables-high-resolution-imaging-fourier-ptychographic.html "advanced algorithms enabled reconstruction of high-resolution images equivalent to those obtained with large-aperture detection... extended coherent light sources introduces speckle interference and loss of object information, but mitigated by continuously collecting multiple images of moving objects from same camera position, and then registering and averaging them... a single small-aperture camera yielded images equivalent to those obtained with 2.5X larger aperture detection... applicable to microscopic and macroscopic"

https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2023/dec/waste-to-bichar "removes pathogens, PFAS and microplastics from biosolid, food, and garden waste... more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective... fertiliser, carbon electrodes for batteries and other advanced energy storage devices... progressing towards commercialization" Related: CarbonScape Secures U.S. Patent for Breakthrough Graphite Technology, Advancing Domestic Supply of Critical Raw Materials for EV Batteries https://www.altenergymag.com/news/2025/03/20/carbonscape-secures-us-patent-for-breakthrough-graphite-technology-advancing-domestic-supply-of-critical-raw-materials-for-ev-batteries-/44932/ Can the pyrolysis of lignocellulose unlock efficient production of biochar? https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1084195 Turning toxic bio-tar into high-value bio-carbon https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/09/250926035016.htm Biochar’s promise under pressure: Study urges realistic, systems based path forward ht...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-conjoined-racetracks-optical-device.html "short pulses form in ultra-low-loss, pure, thin-film silicon nitride microcombs... during operation, solitons automatically form and circulate like racetracks in figure 8 with conjoined section of 2 microcombs forcing paired laser pulses to bunch up, which counteracts dispersion that had been destabilizing soliton pulses... scalable (can combine more than 2) and turnkey using same manufacturing currently used for computer chips... very energy efficient... digital communications, precision time keeping, spectroscopy, astronomy" Related: A micro-ring resonator with big potential: Hybrid device significantly improves laser technology https://phys.org/news/2023-12-micro-ring-resonator-big-potential-hybrid.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-magnetizing-iron-vanadium-alloy-laser-pulses.html "iron atoms move closer together... demagnetize layer again with series of weaker laser pulses... material melts briefly at irradiation point causing laser to erase previous structure generating small magnetic area... magnetic structure stabilized by subsequent rapid cooling... placing tiny magnets on a chip surface via laser, sensitive magnetic sensors, such as those used in vehicles, magnetic data storage, spintronics, possible approach to future computers" Related: Magnetize a material with light facilitates designing faster, smaller, more energy-efficient memory chips https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1068235

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-physicists-entangle-individual-molecules-hastening.html   "remain correlated/ interact simultaneously even if located on opposite ends of universe... molecules can vibrate and rotate in multiple modes (degrees of freedom), can use 2 modes to encode qubit... polar molecules ultra-cooled with lasers... individual molecules picked up by optical tweezers, and using series of microwave pulses created well-controlled and coherent qubits... after precise time, able to implement 2-qubit gate that entangled 2 molecules... quantum computers and sensors, novel forms of magnetism" Related: Scientists freeze quantum motion without cooling https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250810093239.htm

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-breakthrough-coherent-two-photon-lidar-range.html "accurate and precise ranging of a remote object situated far beyond coherence time dictated by light source's spectral bandwidth... thermal light source, e.g. sun, interacting with double slit mask with 2 slits A and B separated beyond coherent length of source, and 2 cameras... object distance encoded and retrieved through spatially correlated measurements... robust to turbulence and ambient noise... autonomous vehicles, robotics, environmental monitoring" Related: Bio-inspired chip helps robots and self-driving cars react faster to movement https://techxplore.com/news/2026-02-bio-chip-robots-cars-react.html Instantaneous UAV tracking using single-photon LiDAR via photon-event-driven suppression of temporal-averaging bias https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1142236 Multifunctional frequency modulated continuous wave LiDAR for simultaneous 3D imaging and multi-parameter sensing https://w...

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-wood-materials-reliable-solar-cells.html "untreated kraft lignin (directly extracted from wood in paper manufacturing) as cathode creates many hydrogen bonds improving stability... Organic solar cells will never be the most efficient, but their advantage is that they are efficient, reliable, cheap, scalable, environmentally friendly and scalable. If they have a 15%–20% efficiency, that is more than enough for most applications... only small part of this solar cell is currently made of lignin, but long-term goal is to build solar cell almost entirely from wood"

https://newatlas.com/energy/double-solar-updraft-cooling/ "updraft heats (day only) ground level air (greenhouse-type material) that rises spinning turbines generating 350 MWh/ yr... 10 cooling downdraft towers (day and night) force air downwards spinning their own turbines, accomplished by spraying water mist into ambient air at towers' top, spinning turbines at bottom generating 400 MW-hours/ yr... 200m tall, 13.6m diameter, 250m diameter heat collector... each inner cooling tower's diameter 10m... most effective in hot, dry desert cities, if can get enough water" Related: Solar Updraft Towers: A Solution for Clean Energy and Water https://www.everymansci.com/technology/solar-updraft-towers-a-solution-for-clean-energy-and-water/ An innovative twin-technology solar system design for electricity production https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484723015512

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-bowtie-resonators-bridge-gap-nanoscopic.html "self-assembled cavity integrated into larger self-assembled components for routing light in optical chip... atomic dimensions enabled by self-assembly with conventional semiconductor scalability... 2 halves of silicon structures are suspended on springs, Casimir force attracts them and van der Waals force sticks them together, resulting in self-assembled resonator with bowtie-shaped gaps surrounded by silicon mirrors... self-assembled photonic resonators for use in electronics, nanorobotics, sensors, quantum technologies" Related: Self-assembly of complex systems: Hexagonal building blocks are better https://phys.org/news/2024-04-complex-hexagonal-blocks.html Researchers tune Casimir force using magnetic fields https://phys.org/news/2024-06-tune-casimir-magnetic-fields.html  see also: A method to reversibly control Casimir forces using external magnetic fields  https://phys.org/news/2024-06-method-rev...

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-spagins-approach-nuclear-fragmentation-gamma-induced.html "SPAGINS formulas  accurately predicts fragment production in gamma-induced nuclear spallation reactions... integrates theoretical models and empirical data, utilizing key components such as the TALYS toolkit, EPAX, SPACS and Rudstam formulas... reproduces measured data across 100 to 1000 MeVgamma energies... more comprehensive and accurate representation of fragment production in PNSR... poised to revolutionize and make safer nuclear astrophysics (high-energy gamma-ray facilities), medicine"

https://news.mit.edu/2023/chemists-create-organic-molecules-rainbow-colors-1205 "to make acenes stable, added carbodicarbenes to acenes also doped with boron and nitrogen... acenes became positively charged improving stability in both air and water, enabling acenes of varying lengths (colors)... medical (where human tissue emits blue light so red emitters preferrred) and other imaging, LEDs, organic semiconductors, singlet-fission-based solar cells... future:  incorporating different types of carbodicarbenes creating additional acenes with even better stability and quantum efficiency" Related: Switchable singlet fission: pH triggers molecules to split or emit light for sensors https://phys.org/news/2025-05-switchable-singlet-fission-ph-triggers.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-atomically-precise-2d-materials-paves.html "2D crystal transfer... cleanest and most uniform 2D material stacks, minimizing rigidity strain inhomogeneity... >1 order magnitude decrease in local variation at twisted interfaces... fully inorganic hybrid stamp, comprising flexible silicon nitride membrane for mechanical support and ultrathin metal layer sticky glue for picking up 2D crystals... van der Waals forces cause adherence enabling flawless stacks of up to 8 layers within ultra-high vacuum... grown from gas phase to scale up to mm-scale areas" Related: Researchers safely integrate fragile 2D materials into devices, opening a path to unique electronic properties https://phys.org/news/2023-12-safely-fragile-2d-materials-devices.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-onoff-trillionths-optically-magnetic-fields.html "tiny disks on a 2X2 mm surface, each with 1.2µm diameter consisting of 2 graphene layers influenced by circularly polarized THz UV plasmons to excite electrons... the circular motions induced 0.5 Tesla electromagnetism... plasmon frequency can be adjusted via graphene disk diameter... used to influence other nearby materials... in quantum dots that illuminate screens, light color can be adjusted... as for magnetocaloric materials, they change temperature depending on the magnetic field applied" Related: Electronics of the future: Ultra-efficient graphene switch developed at nanometer scale https://phys.org/news/2026-03-electronics-future-ultra-efficient-graphene.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-limestone-putty-nanogenerator-harvest-energy.html "only craft-level skill needed... limestone-based mounting putty (tacky. like double-sided adhesive tape) and metallized polyester sheet... extends operational frequency bandwidth up to 80Hz compared to existing <10 Hz TENGs. using triboelectric layers in vibration-based energy-harvester design... future investigation of marble, sandstone and lunar soil based putties... heart monitor implants, biochip transponders for farm animals or sensors that alert a driver when tire pressure is low" Related:  Power from Snow: A Groundbreaking Renewable Energy Breakthrough https://bnnbreaking.com/tech/science-tech/power-from-snow-a-groundbreaking-renewable-energy-breakthrough/ Harvesting human motion energy: The promise of wearable triboelectric nanogenerators https://techxplore.com/news/2024-03-harvesting-human-motion-energy-wearable.html Environmentally-Friendly TENG Energy Harvesters Developed https://ww...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd6C0y8xc20 "allows each driveshaft to bend while allowing a smooth flow of power to the wheels... combined with electronic air suspension enables almost no change to efficiency regardless of wheel movement, ensuring high durability and ride comfort... reduction gear in wheel hub gives high reduction ratio delivering significant torque output and allows for more compact electric motor... torque vectoring boosts dynamic ability and delivers improved steering, power and stability even at high speeds" See also:   https://cleantechnica.com/2023/11/30/behold-the-hyundai-uni-wheel-transportation-may-never-be-the-same/

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-vectorial-optics-polarization-phase.html "enhance vector field state uniformity and optical resolution... 3 types: sensor-based, quasi-sensorless, and modal-sensorless... vectorial field feedback control... laser systems, biomedical imaging (microscopes), planetary observation such as galaxy detection (telescopes), and laser-based and lithographic nanofabrication such as of integrated circuit chips"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-11-detonation-based-device-propulsion-applications.html "accelerate oxidation of fuel-air... linear array of injectors to sustain fast moving shock waves in a rectangular domain. It is the first time a linear combustor has been studied computationally at this level of detail, which has revealed the causal mechanism for detonation stabilization... efficient on-demand thrust for small aircrafts or drones or can be used to attitude control of flight systems... ... shock wave speed 1.5 km/s generates high power per unit volume of combustor...  power generation, hypersonic flight" Related: Taking the shock out of predicting shock wave behavior with precise computational modeling https://phys.org/news/2025-10-behavior-precise.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-replicating-bird-feathers-rubber-nanostructures.html "similar to blue of eastern bluebird feathers... transparent silicone rubber in oily solution and left to swell for several days at 60°C, then cooled and rubber extracted...  phase separation causing network of channels with 800 nm diameter... material is scalable... battery solid electrolytes with network structure of interconnected channels that avoid physical contact between electrodes while maintaining good ion transport... water filters... cellulose, chitin structure similar to the rubber, and environmentally friendly"

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-11-hybrid-phase-change-memristors-possibilities.html "combines 2 types of resistive switches used for memory: memristors and phase-change materials. 2-terminal memristor device drives 1 type of crystal to another type of crystal phase... both crystal phases have different resistance that can be stored as memory... stretching 2D material (placed precariously between 2 different crystal phases) in 1 direction and compressing it in another enhances performance by orders magnitude using little energy... fast, dense, efficient, low power home computer memory"

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-approach-polarization-independent-lc-phase-modulation.html "based on light-controlled azimuth angle process using cholesteric liquid crystal optical rotatory effect to create single-layer, multi-microdomain, orthogonally twisted structures with low polarization dependence and high phase retardation... patterned light control enables precise alignment... have large phase depth... more efficient and reliable optical communications systems, wearable devices with clear and concise information display"

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-low-cost-microscope-photolithography-high-resolution-fabrication.html "user-friendly fabrication... UV-LED-based microscope projection photolithography (MPP), for rapid high-resolution manufacturing of optical elements within seconds... low-cost 365 nm wavelength UV-LED light source... structure design, printing on transparent foil, pattern transfer onto chromium photomask, and subsequent wet-etching process... high-resolution optical elements down to 85 nm... MEMS consumer electronic, biosensor, microfluidic, biomedical and other optical devices" Related: AI technique 'decodes' microscope images, overcoming fundamental limit https://phys.org/news/2024-02-ai-technique-decodes-microscope-images.html Open-source 'macroscope' offers dynamic luminescence imaging https://phys.org/news/2025-11-source-macroscope-dynamic-luminescence-imaging.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-unveils-shape-configurable-mxene-based-thermoacoustic-loudspeakers.html "2D MXene conductive nature and parylene's controllable thickness enables thermophonic speakers with superior performance... high SPL output 74.5 dB at 15 kHz and maintained stable for 14 days... 3D bi-/ omni- directional and deformation-independent sound in various bent, stretched-kirigami configurations using parylene substrate... parabolic and spherical versions with sound-focusing... ultra-thin, wearable, shape-deformation-induced sound control, immersive, active noise control, flexible active displays" Related: Cut it with a twist: Cutting changes kirigami material mechanics https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131199 Nottingham engineers create revolutionary new sound effect paradigm https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1144435

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-12-spider-silk-kind-microphone.html "flow microphone... analog and digital version... spider silk responds to sound motion of the air with perfect fidelity from 1 Hz to 50 KHz, broader frequency range with flatter frequency response than any microphone... velocity and pressure a more complete description of sound field... Soundskrit, patented,  begins mass production and distribution... unlike human hearing, doesn't even need to sense air pressure... improve treatments for hearing loss and other auditory problems" Related: Stretching spider silk makes it stronger https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1075882 Amino acid 'stickers' help decode spider silk's strength and flexibility https://phys.org/news/2026-02-amino-acid-stickers-decode-spider.html

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-photonic-chip-lego-door-semiconductor.html "Chalcogenide glass/ silicon semiconductor chip electronics/ photonics integration... expands RF bandwidth and accurate control of information... more information flow and advanced filter controls.. advanced radar, satellite systems, 6G and 7G... tunable 15 gigahertz bandwidth with spectral resolution down to 37 MHz... microwave photonic filters have flexibility to filter different frequencies, reducing electromagnetic interference and enhancing signal quality" Related: New type of tunable filter reveals the potential for terahertz wireless communications https://phys.org/news/2024-03-tunable-filter-reveals-potential-terahertz.html Quantum computing enables Lego-like design of porous materials https://phys.org/news/2025-09-quantum-enables-lego-porous-materials.html Breaking the mid-infrared interconnection barrier: a robust bonding for high-power optics based on liquid-like chalcogenide glass https://www...

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-two-photon-lithography-photonic-packaging-solution.html "laser-based 2-photon lithography (TPL) assembles and connects photonic components into high resolution 3D structure... beam shapers and mode transformers... high-channel-density, low-loss 2.5-D or 3D links to accommodating height differences between optical ports, and guide precise component placement... broadband resins low in optical attenuation, suitable for building low-loss optical links between dissimilar material platforms... addresses tight alignment tolerance and need for heterogeneous or hybrid integration"