Engineered surface helps boiled bubbles jump to carry more heat

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-surface.html

"more energy efficient and cost-efficient... micro-structured boiler releasing more bubbles and at 1/10th usual size, carrying heat away from surface... fabricating array of micro-cavities (larger and more durable for bubbles than for droplets) onto boiling surface where bubbles form and grow... cavity pairs placed close together, causing bubbles to coalesce at small sizes where surface tension is strong, causing them to jump from hydrophilic surface enabling use of uncoated metals... data centers, nuclear power plants"