Carbon nitride sheets' non-planar surface wrinkling improves charge separation/ catalytic efficiency compared to flat 2D designs
https://phys.org/news/2026-09-wrinkled-carbon-nitride-flat-sheet.html "studies modelling graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalyst design/ optimization incorrectly predicted perfectly flat 2D sheets... now found that introducing nitrogen atoms disrupts uniform planar interactions, causing atomic structure to buckle into gentle ripples, representing lower-energy/ more stability... its true non-planar geometry provides accurate foundational framework for applications like metal-free photocatalysts used in solar energy conversion, hydrogen/ chemical production, pollutant degradation"