Today's Tech News: Notable or Not?

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-universal-optical-logic-gate-ghz.html "universal NOR logical element based on polariton condensates, operates at room temperature, completely optical, has multiple inputs, reproduced/ connected in circuit... bimolecular quenching key role limiting polariton transistor speed, requires sufficiently depleting residual polariton population from previous 1 or 0 logic state... polariton delocalization leads to additional losses... optimal performance: pump pulse duration must be shorter than relevant processes' characteristic times"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082252 "polarization, enhancing imaging contrast/ resolution, on-chip relies on complex 4-pixel arrays or external polarizers, have limited spectral response, difficulty detecting linear polarization angle/ degree, overcome using wide-spectrum, high-precision polarization detection, torsion unipolar barrier heterojunction device...  2D PdSe₂ dual absorption layer while fine-tuning intermediate MoS₂ barrier layer energy band... enables bias-programmable control over carrier transport paths, leading to groundbreaking performance"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082030 "speed enables measurements/ corrections before compounding error rates reduce accuracy/ reliability... 10X faster nonlinear light-matter coupling... quarton coupler superconducting circuit turns 1 qubit into resonator and use other qubit as artificial atom storing quantum information transferred as microwave photons... future: adding additional electronic components, such as filters, producing readout circuit that could be incorporated into larger quantum system... rapidly simulate new materials, faster machine-learning models"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082154 "scalable pyrolysed hydrocarbon byproduct made into pure graphitic structures... sodium/ potassium ions too big/ interactions too complex to slide in/ out of graphite’s tightly packed layers, overcome with cone/ disc curvature/ spacing welcoming these ions without need for chemical doping or other artificial modifications... stored 230 mAh/g, still holding 151 mAh/g after 2K fast charging cycles... not quite as good using potassium... cheaper, sustainably synthesized from oil/ gas industry byproducts"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082092 "Paint & Scribe any surface... passing laser over red marker ink containing temperature-stable Eosin dye transforms it into porous/ conductive laser-induced conductive graphene... instead of installing circuits/ sensors (often heavy, expensive bulky) on objects... printable electronics, biomedical sensors, robotics, automation, environmental sensors... We are already working on some of these applications. We have also started to study other dyes derived from natural materials, with to the aim of creating green electronics"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082185 "efficient renewable energy conversion/ storage, compact, fast charging EVs... fabricated using GaN-on-insulator technology... highly insulating silicon carbide/ sapphire carrier substrate improve insulation between components/ increases breakdown voltage... blocks voltage/ conducts current in 2 directions, saving chip space/ reducing conduction losses... also, conventional GaN transistor with gate contact as bidirectional switch in 3-level T-type converter... grid-connected power converters, electric drive systems"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-skia-technique-decodes-shadow-boost.html "instruction stream often too large, difficult to predict/ process... Fetch Directed Instruction Prefetching predicts/ retrieves instructions before needed, for quicker performance/ less power consumption... overcomes when Branch Target Buffer faults, by identifying/ decoding in unused bytes, then storing in Shadow Branch Buffer memory, accessible alongside Branch Target Buffer... most future instructions already available, minimizing hardware costs... data centers"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082003 "multipath challenges: time delays, altered amplitudes, ghosting, fading... passive metasurface-based filtering using time-varying interlocking mechanism incorporating metasurface panels/ internally coupled circuit elements, including metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors... enhances 1st incoming signal 10 dB, rejecting time-delayed signals from other angles, without active biasing/ control systems... uses simplified antenna designs/ commercial diode products, few: calculation/ modulation/ demodulation circuits"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081790 "non-volatile phase change memory of alternating zinc telluride/ ethylenediamine layers... 2 phase transitions at low 2.1 and 3.3 GPa pressure (1/10th of usual pressure needed) shrinking material up to 8% potentially enabling digital information encoding... additional applications: (1) different properties depending on which direction squeezed, adding additional turability, (2) photonics, because emits UV whose glow might shift depending on phase, useful in fiber optics or optical computing... future: effect of temperature changes"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081477 "folding patterns change ceramics from fragile to tough/ flexible... origami pattern that folds/ stays flat, coated with stretchable, biocompatible polymer... flexes/ recovers when compressed in different directions... polymer coating introduced just enough flexibility to prevent sudden breakage under both static and cyclic compression... coated versions consistently showed greater toughness, especially in directions where the original ceramic was weakest... medical prosthetics, impact-resistant aerospace/ robotic components" Related: Origami points to new materials that 'breathe' and twist on command https://techxplore.com/news/2025-05-origami-materials.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081550 "all-optical, single fs laser pulse, bit-switching without external magnetic field or complex wiring... overcomes nanoscale heat transfer/ magnetic domain wall propagation limits on minimum achievable bit size... electron beam lithography on 10 nm GdTbCo magnetic film generating large magnetic anisotropy... magnetic switching using 370 fs 1030 nm wavelength laser pulse in 240 nm width areas... nanostructure not allowing plasmonic resonance creates dipole-like far field scattering domain imprint on magnetic film"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-hydrogel-infused-additive-ceramics.html#google_vignette "printed product exhibits high thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical strength... separates printing step from ceramic material... viscous orange resin used for 3D printing initial gel, converted into hydrogel via infusion with metal salt solution, then burn off organic components and convert metal salts into metal oxides... hydrogel formulation/ metal salts types optimizes ceramic quality/ shape, determining ceramic's density, porosity and strength... aerospace... future: expanding to new materials/ applications"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-robot-videos.html "less cost, time, energy to train... deals with mismatch between how humans/ robots do tasks... combs its videos drawing inspiration from similar actions... requires just 30 minutes training data... >50% increased task success... programming robots currently takes thousands of hours of tele-operation to teach the robot how to do tasks... that's just impossible... with RHyME, we're moving away from that and learning to train robots in a more scalable way"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080406 "simple neural network of weighted sum of bits of incoming information/ nonlinear activation functions ReLU, sigmoid, or tanh functions, transforming inputs' weighted sum into artificial neural network... optical information does not leave optical domain, directly processed in optical fibers or photonic waveguides... stimulated Brillouin scattering causes optical nonlinear change in input information depending on optical intensity... preserves optical data bandwidth, avoids electro-optic conversion, maintains signal coherence"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-mechanism-photonic-crystal-chip.html "broader spectrum of wavelengths... 2 mirrored pattern crystals next to each other create waveguide at their boundary, where light movement confined... light conduction topologically protected: scattering/ reflection by crystal imperfection suppressed, ending waveguide with wall, eventually bouncing back through waveguide after delay... inherently works for multiple wavelengths, overcoming light focusing resonance limits... also, sound waves, electrons in specific crystals... quantum communication, sensors, lasers"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-tracking-photogenerated-electrolytes.html#google_vignette "photocatalysis involves interplay between surface charges/ charge transfer at catalyst-electrolyte interface... directly measures nanoscale surface charges (potential/ photovoltage) in liquid electrolyte environments using charged probe, isolating electrostatic forces from long-range interactions, mapping electric field distribution within electrical double layer... surface charges at solid-liquid interface create additional driving force, pulling photogenerated electrons to surface, driving charge transfer reaction"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080197 "modifies organic semiconductor molecular crystal structure via light irradiation, enhancing exciton transport properties... exciton transport diffusion coefficient increased 3 orders magnitude (from ~10-3 cm2 s-1 to over 1 cm2 s-1), and diffusion length extended from <50 nm to nearly 1 µm... both laser and cost-effective incoherent LED irradiation induced this enhancement, with the improved transport properties persisting for months... future: resolving structural modifications' mechanistic link to transport enhancement"

https://bioengineer.org/unlocking-sustainable-spintronics-with-an-abundant-earth-mineral/ "high-frequency signal processing: (1) overcomes spin wave signals not effectively resetting magnetic bits to allow for overwriting, (2) mitigates Joule heating energy loss... interference patterns between two separate excitation modes of spin waves, or magnon modes... importance of having two magnon modes cannot be overstated; it enables spin currents to be manipulated more flexibly... switching back/ forth between these two polarizations enables scalable/ efficient advanced data encoding/ storage"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-cold-approach-fabrication-solid-state.html "high temperature hinders production, grain boundaries acting as defects hinder conductive ion transport... small amount of powder loaded in system's center cold sintered using heat, pressure, liquid solvent to create dense highly conductive/ stable polymer-in-ceramic composite... enables high-voltage cathodes, allowing battery to generate more energy... cold sintering also applicable to semiconductor and other manufacturing... future: support for large-scale production and recyclability" Related: Halogen-Free Polymer Electrolytes: A Sustainable Energy Solution https://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=64531 How to make electrolytes more efficiently? Designing electrolytes by thermodynamics https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1083847

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-ferroelectric-device-memory.html "no multi-step energy-intensive processes/ latency... record data, transmit to memory then to microcontroller performing differential operations... ferroelectric capacitors as differentiators: inherent polarization when external electric field not applied/ reversed upon application of electric field, enabling storage in their polarization/ dipole alignment... capacitor remembers how much charge it holds until discharged, which translates to information storage as voltage levels across capacitor, functioning as RAM/  CPU"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081546 "p-type polyethylene glycol doping slightly increased Seebeck coefficient, 60% increased electrical conductivity, 303.17 ± 46.25 μW m⁻1 K⁻2 power factor >2X that of undoped, energy filtering effect: Fermi energy level decreased/ work function increased... n-type polyethyleneimine doping caused negative Seebeck coefficient, greatly increased electrical conductivity, 418.49 ± 46.30 μW m⁻1 K⁻2 power factor 3X that of undoped, charge transfer process: Fermi energy level increased/ work function decreased"

https://news.mit.edu/2025/new-electronic-skin-could-enable-lightweight-night-vision-glasses-0423 "produces electric current in response to temperature changes across far-IR spectrum... thinner the better at sensing subtle thermal variations, 10 nm so highly accurate... sensors, autonomous driving in fog... directly worn on glasses for night vision: broad-spectrum IR room-temperature sensitivity, lightweight, no cooling needed ... peel method itself also has numerous other applications: semiconducting films, flexible electronics., smart contact lenses, wearable sensing fabrics, stretchy solar cells, bendable displays"

https://scitechdaily.com/major-breakthrough-non-toxic-alternative-to-forever-chemicals-discovered/ "water/ stain-resistant... small size/ high electronegativity allows fluorine to form tight, durable molecular structures... PFAS' bulky fragments feature in other common chemical systems like fats/ fuels, over 10 years of their study created modified chemicals with these positive attributes and are also much safer... fire-fighting foam, furniture, food packaging, cookware, make-up, toilet tissue" Related: Supercapacitor-assisted catalytic system strips fluorine from PTFE and PFAS at low temperatures https://phys.org/news/2025-05-supercapacitor-catalytic-fluorine-ptfe-pfas.html Northwestern University’s graphene oxide material breakthrough could replace PFAS in food packaging https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/graphene-oxide-material-could-replace-pfas-in-food-packaging/58605/ Sustainable approach transforms common polymers into high-value materials with enhanced fire res...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081518 "All the modern high-performance processors right now flush the in-flight instructions when they receive an interrupt, but this work shows that we don’t actually need to flush those instructions, leading to efficiency of dealing with interrupts... more efficient than polling, which has an entire CPU core constantly check for events, like incoming tasks flows... awarded the 2025 Best Paper Award at the 2025 ASPLOS Conference"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081245 "multivariate p-generalized normal distribution reshapes Convolutional Neural Network filters dynamically (stretching horizontally or vertically based on task, like how human brain selectively focuses on relevant details), unlike traditional method that uses fixed square filters... increasing filter size to 7×7 kernels or larger usually does not improve performance despite adding more parameters, overcome using flexible, connectivity patterns focusing on most relevant parts of image... also robust against corrupted data" Related: All-topographic neural networks more closely mimic the human visual system https://techxplore.com/news/2025-06-topographic-neural-networks-mimic-human.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-microsoft-ai-regular-cpus.html "GPU's massive computing power for training on massive amounts of data, most energy-intensity involves storing/ processing weights in 8- or 16-bit floating point numbers... new method avoids floating point altogether, instead using 1-bit architecture using 3 value (-1, 0, 1) and allowing only addition/ subtraction during processing, easily done using CPU... does as well or better, using less memory/ energy... created runtime bitnet.cpp for it to run on local computer or phone, no need for data center or even internet"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081114 "avoids PCR testing's centralized labs, bulky equipment, specially trained personnel... directly detects DNA by concentrating it enhancing specificity through strong optical forces/ photothermal effect... gold nanoparticle/ polystyrene microparticle short DNA sequence probes bind matching strands together, detectable through 5 minute fluorescence mutation detection with 1 order magnitude higher sensitivity than PCR... diagnosing infectious disease/ early-stage cancer, analyzing food safety/ environmental DNA"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-compact-superradiant-smith-purcell-device.html "train of free electron radiation bunches passing over periodic grating... overcomes electron kinetic energy instability, coulomb effect, finite number of electron bunches worsening radiation linewidth, equipment's large size... ~0.3 THz pump-induced frequency, with radiation linewidth continuously tuned from 900 to 0.3 kHz... electron pre-bunching, electron-compression and harmonic-emission sections... on-chip electron acceleration for higher electron acceleration gradient... imaging, sensing, communication"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081131 "overcomes sacrificing transmission speed for security, by directly integrating encryption using end-to-end deep learning, dynamically optimizing geometric constellation shaping... maximizes mutual information for authorized users while reducing it for eavesdroppers to <0.2 bits/ symbol for illegal users, rendering intercepted data indistinguishable from noise... dynamic GCS: each transmitted symbol encrypted using unique key... scalable/ compatible with existing infrastructure... global data/ cloud centers, 6G networks"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081128 "67.2% photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm irradiation with 0.367 W cm-2 intensity... self-assembling microrods with high crystallinity, strong charge transfer interaction between COR/ Br2NDA, broad absorption spectrum spanning 350-1100 nm, with pronounced redshift/ robust CT interaction, nearly complete photoluminescence quenching, thermally stable... incorporated into transparent resin becoming photothermal ink, coated onto thermoelectric generator... wearables, IoT, personal thermal management" Related: Sponge-like carbon nanotube thermoelectric generator easily molds to complex shapes and powers sensors https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-sponge-carbon-nanotube-thermoelectric-generator.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080225 "overcomes resonators gradually losing energy, requiring constant energy input... whirlpools remain in place even as there are flows around them... adjusting how cylindrical granular quartz rods touch each other controls way mechanical waves interact at contact boundaries, special alignment causes polarization-protection... >1K quality factors... many cylinders connected in chain enables trapped wave modes to extend throughout chain without dispersing... low-loss: energy harvesting, sensors/ signalers, communications" Simon Derricutt commented: " looks somewhat like a resonator, but might be somewhat over-claimed here since it has a Q of 1000 and thus it is not perfect wave-trapping and won't keep oscillating indefinitely. Quartz resonators can have Qs of 10,000 or more and thus are better at trapping energy than these BiCs. I'm not seeing from the picture at https://www.eurekalert.org/... exactly how the cylind...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080678 "enhances voltage gradient without compromising other performances... low temperature densification hybrid cold sintering/ spark plasma sintering and post-annealing process reduces energy consumption, enables fine/ homogeneous microstructure, prevent Bi-rich phase volatilization at grain boundaries, ultrahigh ~1832.71 V/mm voltage gradient, high ~106.69 nonlinear coefficient, low <0.2 μA/cm² leakage current density... high-resistance grain boundaries producing increased Schottky barrier height, better performance"

  https://insidegnss.com/q-ctrl-overcomes-gps-denial-with-quantum-sensing/ "quantum sensor detects tiny, otherwise imperceptible signals arising from Earth’s structure serving as magnetic landmarks for navigation... sensitivity/ stability needed to continuously see these landmarks from moving vehicle... AI software shields delicate quantum sensors against interference, device miniaturized by trading hardware for software... aerospace, defense, autonomous vehicles" Related: New quantum navigation device uses atoms to measure acceleration in 3D https://www.colorado.edu/today/2025/06/11/new-quantum-navigation-device-uses-atoms-measure-acceleration-3d

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-smaller-smarter-blocks-future-quantum.html#google_vignette "tailored resonator geometry selects wavelengths at which photons can/ cannot pass... up to 100 high-quality coupled cavities (arranged in repeating pattern where each cavity interacts with neighbors) in compact array where each cavity miniaturized, unwanted disorder in resonant microwave frequencies minimized using superconductor niobium nitride relying on high kinetic inductance...  mimics photonic topological insulator guiding light along its edges in controlled/ unusual way... future: coupling to artificial atoms" Related: Novel architecture improves control of microwave resonators for quantum computers https://phys.org/news/2025-05-architecture-microwave-resonators-quantum.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-smaller-efficient-space-tolerant-chips.html#google_vignette "challenging space environment: radiation alters data storage elements like flip-flops/ also extreme temperatures, debris... more compact rad-hard chips with equivalent or better radiation tolerance leads to lower manufacturing costs, higher performance/ energy efficiency... achieved in the way components/ transistors arranged... uses single basic flip-flops achieving same radiation tolerance without bulky triple modular redundancy... full system-on-a-chip prototypes to be tested/ deployed on a cubesat in 2026" Related: 3D-Printed Hydrogels: A Breakthrough in Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration https://i-hls.com/archives/128586 Giving small satellites a bigger impact with an advanced wireless chip https://techxplore.com/news/2025-05-small-satellites-bigger-impact-advanced.html Tiny receiver chip uses stacked capacitors to block interference in 5G IoT devices https://techxplor...

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-scientists-technique-accurate-quantum.html "quantum systems fragile/ disturbale causing errors... overcomes only increasing accuracy by sacrificing speed, by trading space for time using additional qubits, increasing information amount gathered in fixed time, so can be more confident about answer... relationship continues with additional qubits... measurement quality maintained, or even enhanced, even as it is sped up... potential to become a standard part of the quantum read-out process"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-technique-spurious-problem-ai.html "spurious correlations traced to very small subset of training data, generally caused by simplicity bias during training... overcome even when have no idea what spurious correlations AI is relying on, by removing a small portion of training data... we can measure each sample's difficulty based on how model behaved during training, most difficult samples in dataset noisy/ ambiguous, most likely relying on irrelevant information... this elimination overcomes spurious correlations, without causing significant adverse effects"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080996 "due to low melting point, difficult to make tin particles small enough to overcome problematic volume expansion during cycling, reducing stability, overcome using sol–gel process followed by thermal reduction, embedding uniformly distributed sub-10 nm tin nanoparticles within hard carbon matrix... tin nanoparticles active materials, but also catalyst promoting hard carbon crystallization... stable over 1,500 cycles under 20-minute fast-charging, 1.5X higher volumetric energy density, versatile across multiple battery platforms" Related: Metal fleeces boost battery energy density by enabling thicker, faster-charging electrodes https://techxplore.com/news/2025-05-metal-fleeces-boost-battery-energy.html Advanced protection strategy of lithium metal anodes https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1085381

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3306971/china-unveils-worlds-fastest-hard-drive-poxiao-dawn-new-flash-memory?module=top_story&pgtype=homepage "world's fastest flash memory erases/ rewrites data in 400 ps... overcomes limitations: volatile memory – like SRAM and DRAM – offers high speeds but suffers from low capacity/ high power consumption/ high manufacturing costs,/ data loss when power is cut, non-volatile memory – like flash storage – offers larger capacity/ lower power consumption/ data persistence but lags far behind in speed... AI that can read, write as fast as it computes"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-method-enables-high-oxide-based.html "combines transfer technology with epitaxial deposition... created single-crystal SrRuO3 films on silicon substrates, prepared corresponding spin-orbit torque devices... high 6.1×104 ħ/2e S·m-1 spin Hall conductivity enabling magnetization switching with low 1.3×1010 A·m-2 critical current density... multi-state magnetization switching enabling biological synaptic/ neuronal function simulation... artificial neural network utilizing these achieved 88% accuracy... low-power electronics, neuromorphic computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080871 "order magnitude larger... . overcomes scaling limited probabilistic methods, by using continuous-variable deterministically created entanglement, ensuring consistent/ reliable operation... 3 synchronized laser multiple-pump: primary pump initiates degenerate 4-wave mixing generating symmetric entangled light mode pairs, additional pumps contribute via non-degenerate 4-wave mixing expanding entangled network further... up to 3 dB squeezing... quantum computers, ultra-secure communications, and advanced sensors"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-additively-exchanger-traditional.html "precise 3D shapes overcome manufacturing limitations, optimizing: heat transfer rate, work needed to achieve transfer, heat exchanger size... links large and small passages promoting high heat transfer/ easy fluid motion, allows unconventional fluid mixing/ routing... 2-phase heat exchanger, refrigerant comes in as vapor, cools, leaves as liquid, transferring its heat to cooling water also flowing through heat exchanger... 30% to 50% better for same power... increased volumetric/ gravimetric power density... mobile: cars, ships, aircraft" Related: Optimized 3D printed heat exchanger more effective and achieved a 27% higher power density https://engineering.wisc.edu/news/tapping-a-new-toolbox-engineers-buck-tradition-in-new-high-performing-heat-exchanger/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079407 "RGB at different excitation wavelengths (core emits green, inner shell red, outer shell blue) from single nanoparticle by absorbing/ adjusting 3 near-IR wavelengths, for glasses-free displays without eye fatigue... overcomes low brightness/ limited color reproduction range due to narrow color gamut... high color purity/ strong luminescence intensity... 94.2% wide color gamut of NTSC color space, 133% of sRGB color space... future: transparent upconversion nanoparticle- polymer composites to display various color images"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080525 "optical bleaching induces nonlinear effect temporarily altering material's properties... not based on microelectromechanics requiring electricity resulting in slow response... overcomes single-color optical nonlinearities' limitations... ultrafast optical switching in both Γ and L valleys, due to intravalley/ intervalley scattering... 240 meV split-off energy at L high symmetric point... Ge is a key material for advanced optical switching, with promising applications in high-speed data transmission and computing"

  https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/10/11/minnesota-niron-magnetics-company-scales-up-greener-options "iron oxide powder from iron ore, byproduct of steel making... run through reactors replacing oxygen with nitrogen, creating iron nitride powder, which is magnetic... byproducts also eco-friendly: salt, water, water vapor... cleaner production, recycling, disposal... customers include: General Motors, Magna Powertrain, Samsung, Harman Audio, Allison Transmission, Volvo, Western Digital... 1,500 tons magnets/ year... stable even at high temperatures such as in engines... EV's, wind turbines, audio products, defense/ weaponry" Related: Licensed ORNL technology makes magnets with fewer critical minerals https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1089417

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080623 "programmable, energy saving... light carrying input dat passes through special semiconductor, 2nd pump beam shines in from above, adjusting reaction... changing shape/ intensity of pump beam controls how signal light absorbed, transmitted, amplified, programming chip to perform different nonlinear functions... > 97% accuracy on simple nonlinear decision, >96% on machine learning standard Iris flower dataset... 4 nonlinear optical equivalent to 20 linear electronic... training AI computers at speed of light"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-lithium-oxide-sublimation-doors-cheaper.html "mixing Li2O with nickel-rich precursors at 900°C/ ambient pressure accelerates forming single crystals, helping batteries last longer, and simplifying manufacturing... overcomes polycrystal formation leading to cracking, overcome using single-crystal structures providing even distribution... directly converts/ recycles spent polycrystals into single crystals... single crystals withstand 1K charge/discharge cycles... time/ energy savings...  projected availability 2026"

https://www.metaltechnews.com/story/2025/04/16/tech-metals/mexican-thin-film-solar-doubles-efficiency/2231.html "anti-reflection coating reduces amount of light lost at surface, allows more solar energy to enter cell... replaced molybdenum with nickel in back contact layer, improving cell's electrical conductivity, allowing current to flow more freely... back surface field layer made of copper iodide, strengthening electric field at the junction, reducing electron recombination and increasing overall performance... fine-tuned thickness/ carrier density of each layer, optimizing how charge moves within cell" Related: Improving the performance of Cu₂SrSnS₄ solar cells with inorganic hole transport layers https://techxplore.com/news/2025-05-cusrsns-solar-cells-inorganic-hole.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080421 "no: strict handling regulations, special/ expensive lab equipment, costly waste disposal... short electrical pulsing improves electrochemical etching. initiates reaction at interfaces, breaking aluminium bonds in MAX phase... only aluminium atoms removed, leaving electrochemical MXenes with small hydrogen bubbles forming on MAX phase materials, cleaning/ reactivating the surface, sustaining reaction for longer period/ large EC-MXenes quantity produced... electromagnetic shielding, energy storage, sensors, solid lubricants"

https://eng.umd.edu/news/story/novel-energy-storage-could-push-batteries-for-electric-aviation-grid-power "water-based electrolytes with added super-lithophilic ionophores that broadens electrochemical stability window to 0.0-4.9 V, expanding energy density... makes compatible with high-energy lithium metal or graphite anodes... retains stability/ durability after >2K cycles... electric aviation, large-scale low-carbon grid storage, lithium extraction from seawater" Related: A new strategy for high performance energy storage: Breakthrough in aqueous metal ion batteries https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1083860

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/04/11/carbon-battery-startup-aims-to-make-energy-storage-circular/ "sorption transporting electrons via ultraporous carbon inner layer, cathode/ anode also carbon-based, so battery entirely nonflammable... ultraporous carbon improves with age, up to 30 years life as long as can add more water... 95% of battery can be broken down into organic materials, other 5% reusable... 60 to 150 kWh pilot projects in 2nd half 2025 with $5 million seed funding, commercial sales end of year... scalable, low capex, high demand... lifespan >6K cycles, module stackability"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-pt-nano-catalyst-graphene-pockets.html#google_vignette "overcomes catalysts' tendency to gradually dissolve, some atoms redepositing onto other particles, causing them to become larger, reducing catalyst area that can speed up reactions, causing performance decline... protected nanoparticles supported/ confined within Ketjenblack carbon pores... 0.74 A mg⁻¹ initial mass activity, 1.08 W cm⁻² power density, <1.1% power loss after 90K voltage cycle accelerated stress test, >200K hour lifetime... future: advanced carbon support, electrode architecture, ionomer components" Related:  UCLA Breakthrough Extends Fuel Cell Lifespan Beyond 200,000 hours https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082000

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-smarter-cooling-technology-tackles-climate.html "recyclable nitinol nickel-titanium alloy phase transforms while remaining solid, instead of from liquid to gas and back again... elastocaloric cooling: heats up with mechanical stress, cools when relieved... nitinol wires biocompatible... so far only 15% (could reach up to 70%) efficient, while vapor compression 20-30%... nitinol wires degrade (fatigue) quickly when stretched repeatedly to induce phase change, overcome compressing instead of stretching, reducing physical stress for practically unlimited lifespan... >30°C range" Related:  TCCI Manufacturing and TekModo Unveil Breakthrough HVAC Technology Eliminating Rooftop Units with Off-Grid Sustainable Climate Systems https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-wire-news-releases-pmn/tcci-manufacturing-and-tekmodo-unveil-breakthrough-hvac-technology-eliminating-rooftop-units-with-off-grid-sustainable-climate-systems Blue Frontier air conditio...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080288 "peptide synthesis using water-soluble reductant TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine): safer, versatile chalcogen transfer agent... interaction between TCEP and biocompatible chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, tellurium)... improves productivity, significantly reducing: waste, energy consumption, need for post-processing... future: exploring greener, less toxic alternatives to cadmium that still deliver top performance"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-tree-gum-sustainably-supercharge-supercapacitor.html#google_vignette "better-performing, more eco-friendly... acidic electrolytes cause unwanted side reactions with their metal electrodes, reducing ability to hold full charge over time... polysaccharide kondagogu gum plus sodium alginate becomes spongelike biopolymer KS... added to acidic electrolyte creates protective layer over carbon electrodes, still allowing ion transport... 93% (instead of 58%) of full energy capacity after 30,000 cycles... waste gum is otherwise a headache for the Indian government to dispose of"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080199 "helical dielectric metasurface, liquid crystal layer, helical plasmonic metasurface... external voltage switches near/far field vortices through spin-orbital angular momentum coupling/ photon state superposition... flexible/ dynamic free space/ on chip THz manipulation, promoting development of integrated photonic systems... THz high-speed communication, intelligent perception/ computing, communication, radar/ substance detection, light-field regulation devices, vortex beam generators, high-resolution imaging" Related: New method enables flexible generation of high-order vector vortex beams https://phys.org/news/2025-05-method-enables-flexible-generation-high.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-gigaflow-cache-cloud-traffic-higher.html "server-based architecture cannot work at cloud... hypervisor virtual machines deploying programs/ applications operating at once on single server maximize efficiency... caches shared rule segments instead of new data packets, processing steps multiple flows have in common instead of processing full flows, frequently used rules easy to reach... 18% fewer cache entries capture 450X larger rule space... cache divided into smaller rule-processing steps, allowing combinations of smaller steps in many different ways"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080254 "handles higher heat loads... wick (sponge) generates capillary action driving pump transporting heat without using electricity... flow path in thin copper sheets, including wick of sintered copper powder, all laser welded... water absorbs heat, evaporates, moves to cooler area, condenses back to liquid, repeat... transports 10 W heat... heat transport capacity 45X that of copper, 10X that of graphite sheets... 0.3 mm thick... cooling potentially extends battery life... gaming, video processing" Related: Hexagonal boron nitride crystal moves heat like a beam of light to cool electronics https://engineering.virginia.edu/news-events/news/cooler-faster-better-uva-engineers-uncover-new-way-stop-electronics-overheating Laser Technique Revolutionizes Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Manufacturing for Space, Defense https://news.ncsu.edu/2025/05/laser-extreme-ceramics/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-build-first-all-in-one-chip-for-quantum-internet/ "low-cost, scalable chips comparable to classical transistors... portability leading to more stable/ secure quantum internet... microring resonator allows entangled photon pair generation, polarization splitter-rotators separating input light into different output paths depending on light’s polarization... >116 channel pairs/ colors of light waves for transmission, >100 of those channels high fidelity... potential for hyperentangled qubits entangled >1 way, such as by polarization and by color... scalable quantum internet"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080271 "Cu+ ion natural migration within Cu2S enables monoclinic-tetragonal phase transition at extremely low energy costs, scalable... memristor overcomes crystal damage, high power consumption, limited endurance... vacancy formation energy in Cu2S only 0.188 eV, order magnitude lower... record-low 1 μW at 100 mV SET power consumption, 80 ns  response time, withstands >400 cycles under DC sweep/ 500 cycles under pulse testing... implemented in simulated crossbar array for image processing... gesture recognition"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-transparent-paper-based-material-degrade.html "stands up to liquids for several hours, replacing plastic cups, straws... , and other everyday objects... cellulose hydrogel is dried, treated with aqueous lithium bromide solution forcing cellulose to solidify into desired shapes... end-products thin as plastic cup walls, or as thick as desired... material called tPB... no signs of collapse seen in paper straws... leaked just a little bit after 3 hours, adding plant-based resin coating stopped from leaking at all... recycles easily, but less transparent after being melted/ reformed" Related: Velvet worm slime transformation from liquid to fiber and back again, process can be mimicked in recyclables https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082900 Biodegradable plastic for mass-produced food packaging https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2025/05/berries-just-beginning-bioplastic-breakthrough Shrilk: A degradable bioplastic derived from shrimp shells an...

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-invisible-eindhoven-super-fast-wireless.html "fastest wireless data transmission ever demonstrated over this long a distance in an urban setting... using advanced interference-free optical antennas from Aircision... free-space optical communication... technique commonly used in fiber optics combines multiple wavelengths in single transmission... IR highly focused, enabling almost unlimited number of communication links existing side-by-side without interference in all weather conditions... 5G/6G antennas backhauling existing network where fiber impractical/ too costly"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-chiral-plasmonic-nanostructures-limits-nanoscale.html "cost-effective, scalable, highly efficient chiral nanostructure fabrication... self-assembled chiral plasmonic architectures (triskelion patterns) made from gold/ silver nanoparticles... selectively interact with circularly polarized light... plasmonic metasurfaces using inverted pyramid arrays provide polarization control... fabricated using soft lithography/ anisotropic etching... health care, energy, communication, sensors, imaging, quantum technologies, displays, environmental monitoring" Related: Polarization control of photonic molecules with evanescent wave coupling https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080242 Symmetrical crystals absorb light asymmetrically, controlling light, advancing sensors and optical displays https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1086783

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079909 "3D-printable designs already exist, but now get broad spectrum of colors/ gradients... waste plastics quantified after processing for spectral reflectance, then Kubelka-Munk theory provides initial estimated color mixing... Nelder-Mead method gave optimal balance between precision of color differences and RMS, essential for producing high-quality colors... MyMiniFactory users saved >$4 million in 1 month making toys themselves... $250 desktop 3D printer earns 100% ROI making own, more if use recycled plastic" Related: Enhancing the sustainability of plastics using sulfur waste https://phys.org/news/2025-04-sustainability-plastics-sulfur.html Chemically unzipping plastic's its molecular chains at room temperature during recycling https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Tech-Breakthrough-Could-Upend-the-650-Billion-Plastics-Market.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079350 "no VR glasses needed.... fast oscillating sheet (diffuser) projecting images synchronously at high speed (2,880 images per second)... replaces rigid diffuser with deformable elastic one that is image corrected, enabling grasping/ manipulating virtual objects naturally, such as cube between thindex finger and thumb to move and rotate it, or simulating walking legs on a surface using the index and ring fingers... multiple users interact collaboratively... education, museums” Related: 3D streaming gets leaner by seeing only what matters https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-3d-streaming-leaner.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079535 "cost-effective, energy efficient, optical communication amplifier laser bandwidth 300 instead of 30 nm, reduced noise... of silicon nitride, several small spiral-shaped interconnected waveguides efficiently directing light with minimal loss, optimised geometric design... can amplify very weak signals... scalable: chip can integrate multiple amplifiers... imaging, holography, spectroscopy, microscopy. medical diagnostics/ treatment, space, lasers rapidly changing wavelengths over wide range"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079766 "electrochemical ambient temperature/ pressure hydrogenation... made via facile galvanic displacement reaction... 2D metallene structure combined with atomically-dispersed Pt within Pd lattice, provides catalyst with >93% Faradaic efficiency, >66% DHMF selectivity under mild conditions... weakened HMF adsorption on Pd sites, promoting hydrogen spillover/ facilitating hydrogenation... mitigates catalyst poisoning... abundant active hydrogen species... pharmaceuticals, nucleoside analogs, specialty polymers"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079655 "lasers cool when particular light frequency matched with small, pure target of specific element, cooling light focused on small (100s of µm) localized hot spots... gallium arsenide semiconductor virus-size Maxwell photonic cold plate replaces/ complements air-/ water-based cooling systems, also allowing extracted heat (light) turned back into electricity... keeps chips colder than using water, improving computer performance/ power efficiency... cold plate extremely pure, thin layers, since any heated up impurities erase cooling" Related: A cool fix for hot chips: Advanced thermal management technology for electronic devices https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1080873

  https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-membrane-mimics-protein-channels-efficient.html "inspired by ClC-ec1 antiporter in Escherichia coli, facilitating chloride (Cl-) and proton movement... COFs integrated with aramid nanofiber membrane composite forms hydrogen-bonding network featuring amide groups selectively binding to Cl- ions, lowering energy barrier for proton conduction... in acidic environments, adding 0.1% Cl- ions (relative to protons) increases membrane's proton permeation rate 3X, reaching 9.8 mol m-2 h-1... Cl- binding stretches ANF chains, improves hydrogen-bond networks"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-nanostructuring-mof-crystals-potential-retaining.html   "properties can be changed as easily as flipping switch... changeable: molecular switching (spin transition), electrical transport properties, porosity in same material... MOF exhibits spin crossover, changing spin state/ application's electrical transport properties in response to presence of gas molecules (CO2, H2)... crystals' nm-size increases surface-to-volume ratio, increasing sensing capabilities... applications requiring precise control over the properties of the material at the nanoscale: data storage, gas sensors"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079340 "optical metamaterial's layers twist/ overlap changes how interacts with light (phase, polarization, wavelength)... single device outputs this detailed information, and clear images... MEMS technology controls gap/ angle between layers... compact, scalable, highly tunable flat-optics controls, suitable for versatile light manipulation and information processing tasks... layers sit on vertical/ rotary actuators, connected to electrode... quantum computing, data communications, satellites, medical scans" Related: Bilayer device can control many forms of polarized light https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079027

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-scientists-high-efficiency-photon-source.html "scalable linear optical quantum computing feasibility needs >2/3 single-photon source efficiency, compensating for photons lost during computations... tunable open optical microcavity precisely coupling quantum dots/ microcavities in both resonance frequency/ spatial positioning (1.89(14) dB intensity squeezing, 1.67 mHz count rate)... tailor-shapes laser pulse excitation on high-quantum efficiency single quantum dot... 71.2% system efficiency, 80.6% extraction efficiency exceeding 2/3 threshold for first time"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079090 "coherence not merely byproduct of light sources... periodically poled nonlinear photonic crystals: (1) transfer spatial coherence patterns from IR to visible light through 2nd-harmonic generation, for IR imaging (medical, environmental, security), (2) generate structured light beams (Airy, incoherent vortex, retaining their self-acceleration and orbital angular momentum conservation, respectively), for optical trapping, secure communication, biomedical imaging, (3) modulate speckle fields encoding spatial coherence patterns"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-iron-nitride-magnetoelastic-properties-potential.html "detects small changes in mechanical stress through electrical resistance modulation... control over magnetoelastic properties of materials with significant magnetoresistance effects: Fe4N and its substituted variants, Fe4-xMnxN and Fe4-yCoyN (all widely available).... single-crystal nitride films on strontium titanate substrates exhibit:  -121 ppm negative magnetostriction in Fe4N, +46 ppm positive magnetostriction in Fe2.3Co1.7N, indicating magnetoelastic property modulated through elemental substitution"

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-revolutionizing-3d-vision-miniaturized-snapshot.html "no multiple polarizers/ sequential exposures... captures full-Stokes polarization data in single shot, 25 dB extinction ratio, 65% central wavelength efficiency, 1.65 × 1.65 mm² large-scale polarization metasurface... separated 6 incident light polarization states, precisely guiding each polarization component to its target position... neural network processing... circular polarization enhances surface normal accuracy (depth precision within 0.15 mm)... biomedical/ autonomous imaging, industrial inspection... AR, robotic vision" Related: Real-time boundary detection from noisy images and single-shot HDR imaging expand applications https://techxplore.com/news/2025-05-real-boundary-noisy-images-shot.html Single-shot simultaneous intensity, phase, and polarization imaging with metasurface https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082108

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-redox-battery-energy-efficiency-longer.html "catalytic electrode: 2D MoS2 nanosheet enhanced with CO atoms/ sulfur vacancies... optimizes interface, boosts reactant absorption, speeds up kinetics of coupling between I-/I3- and S2-/Sx2-... running at 20 mA cm-2: 87.9% efficient... at 30 mA cm-2: peak power density 95.7 mW cm-2 with 76.5% energy efficiency, and running up to 50 cycles... at 10 mA cm-2: sustained stable operation at a 10% state of charge for up to 850 cycles... peak efficiencies can be restored by replacing electrolytes after running 200 and 600 cycles" Related: Depleted Uranium Flow Batteries Could Turn Waste into Power https://spectrum.ieee.org/depleted-uranium-battery

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079286 "overcomes chromatic dispersion/ image distortion... combines inverse-designed metasurface couplers with single-layer high-refractive-index waveguide... optimizing metasurface coupler geometry, and light's: phase, amplitude, polarization utilizing 4th, 5th, 6th diffraction orders handling R, G, B. wavelengths, ensuring uniform deflection angles/ eliminating chromatic aberration... expanded field of view through high-refractive-index design, and optimized coupling efficiency ensuring superior full-color display quality"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-method-satellites-5g-era.html "overcomes not all satellites powerful enough to act as complete base stations... satellites to be integrated into mobile communications, even if their performance falls short, by splitting 5G base station in half, so satellites completely take over 5G network wireless communications minimizing computing power, energy, resource use... makes possible to distribute/ design functions/ tasks variably across different satellite orbits/ performance classes... 6G to integrate not only satellites, but also drones and aircraft"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079359 "overcomes low thermal conductivity leading to overheating, by incorporating highly thermally conductive fillers: metals, ceramics, diamond/ graphite oxide... perfect fillers on their own 5X more thermally conductive than imperfect ones, but polymers with graphite oxide fillers containing defects performed 160% better due to enhanced vibrational couplings between polymers/ defective fillers at polymer/filler interfaces... high-performance microchips, soft robotics: cooler/ more efficient through improved heat dissipation"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-welding-3d-complex-metals.html "multiple powdered metals deposited with micron-level resolution, laser melted together in single layer during additive deposition... 1 cm tall metal part includes thousands of layers of metal powder, taking a few hours to print... address pores/ cracks in real time viewing digital 3D rendering through CT scans... finished structure complex gyroid shape (which when multi-material can only be created using this method), used in applications such as heat exchangers/ biomedical implants... future: use with other types of metal powders"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079126 "viscoelastic liquid/ elastic suppressing turbulence in simple flows (straight pipes/ channels), leading to reduced wall friction enhancing energy efficiency... exhibit relaxation time... closed-circuit water loop with 2D channel (20 mm height), 1:2 backward-facing step expansion ratio... turbulent eddies produce kinetic energy as flow attempts equilibrium, which relaxation time interacts with, leading to inertia-viscoelastic meandering motion... adjusting for high diffusivity state boosts heat transfer efficiency/ fluid mixing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079321 "ZnSe QDs alloyed with narrow-bandgap ZnTe forms green-emitting ZnSeTe QDs, free of toxic/ expensive phosphorus precursors, achieving spectral tuning... low-temperature balanced injection/ high-temperature growth method inserts ultra-thin ZnSeS alloy interlayer assisting thickened ZnS outer shell growth, alleviating lattice mismatch between ZnSe and ZnS, and thickened shell, passivating surface defects, enhancing radiative recombination efficiency/ optical stability... 20.6% peak external quantum efficiency" 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079323 "Shortwave IR eye-safe, less affected by atmospheric scattering... reliance on expensive/ toxic heavy-metals/ difficult manufacturing, overcome using silver nitrate coated colloidal quantum dot semiconducting silver telluride nanocrystals... measures distances >10 m with decimetre resolution... cost-effective, dark current density <500nA/cm2, external quantum efficiency 1400 nm of 30%, an LDR >150dB, time response 25 ns... LIDAR, space localization/ mapping, adverse weather imaging, environmental monitoring"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-error-method-photon-requirements-quantum.html "error-correction requires 100s physical photons to make single reliable qubit... overcome by replacing part of required error correction, requiring far fewer photons, yielding more computing power... optical circuit with programmable light guides/ detectors switches filters out bad photons without having to know exactly what causes the errors, exploiting Schrödingers cat-like quantum light properties of light where measurement ultimately determines whether a photon has retained desired properties" Related: Boosting quantum error correction using AI https://phys.org/news/2025-05-boosting-quantum-error-ai.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079157 "overcomes challenges when magnetic fields change faster than material's response time... supercurrents in superconducting YBa₂Cu₃O₇ thin disc exposed to external magnetic field disrupted using fs-scale laser pulses to generate ultrafast magnet by switching any magnetic sample between stable unipolar magnetic states, producing ps-scale rise/ quenching super-ns-scale decay times... non-equilibrium matter states, magnetic memory with fast writing"

https://phys.org/news/2025-04-scientists-unveil-electrically-ultra-compact.html "all-electric (no magnetic) control overcomes unwanted interference between components... altermagnetic materials' electron spins point in opposite directions, cancelling large-scale magnetization, enabling fine-tuning... bilayer chromium sulfide's electrons naturally separate into layers with opposite spins... flipping electric switch reverses transported electrons' spin polarization up to 87%, selectively lifting energy levels of 1 layer over other, resulting in strong, tunable spin-polarized current" Related: Physicists uncover a metallic altermagnet with d-wave spin splitting at room temperature https://phys.org/news/2025-04-physicists-uncover-metallic-altermagnet-d.html Researchers unlock hidden pathway to tunable magnetic devices https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079996 Layered room-temperature altermagnet shows promise for advanced spintronics https://phys.org/news/2025-...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1078903 "microwave-optical quantum transducer plugs into fiber-optics connecting noise-sensitive microwave-optical quantum transducer computers... bridges microwave/ optical photons... controls superconducting qubits using only light... need for extremely low temperatures overcome using microwave qubits for quantum operations/ optical photons as interfaces... 2-mm optical device on 2 cm chip links microwave resonator with 2 optical resonators, allowing back-and-forth exchange enabled by lithium niobate... cables not bulky/ hot"'

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079064 "less bulky/ complex, no need to add energy... tailoring excitation form, not materials themselves, emulates system gain/ loss, unlocking perfect absorption or super-resolution imaging, surpassing passivity limitations in wave-matter interactions... accesses non-Hermitian responses... designing excitations with amplitudes that exponentially grow or decay engaging natural resonances/ anti-resonances... dynamic light control, signal absorption/ amplification, directional wave transport, enhanced quantum state control"

  https://www.israel21c.org/building-a-nuclear-reactor-the-size-of-a-desktop-computer/ "achieved ignition in plasmoids, now aims to build fully functioning prototype directly generating electric power within 3 years... solved core stability challenges... cost-effective, scalable... difficulties creating extreme temperatures/ pressures overcome using plasmoids, tangled bundles of super-hot charged gas (plasma) held together by magnetic fields... breakthrough is in generating new types of stable plasmoids that can effectively catalyze fusion via the quantum mechanical effect known as tunnelling" Grok's AI says:  "faces significant challenges: complexities in plasmoid stability/ materials, need funding beyond $2M used for achieving ignition, engineering/reg hurdles for home-use. small Israeli 3-person team/  ambitious timelines" Key Citations:   Metatron NRG Official Website, details on fusion technology ,  CTech Article on Metatron NRG, fusion claims and fund...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079022 "Majorana zero modes theoretically immune to environmental disturbances causing qubit decoherence... imperfections in traditional materials addressed constructing 3-site Kitaev chain, stepping stone towards topological superconductors, using quantum dots coupled by superconducting segments in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanowires, allowing precise control of quantum states... more spatially separated, reducing their interactions exponentially enhancing stability... larger quantum-dot arrays" Related: Stripe charge order and its interaction with Majorana bound states in 2M-WS2 topological superconductors https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1079812 Majoranas on the move: Superconductor-quantum dot combo manipulates Majorana bound states https://phys.org/news/2025-05-majoranas-superconductor-quantum-dot-combo.html Benchmarking quantum gates: New protocol paves the way for fault-tolerant computing https://phys.org/news...