Ultra-low-power, single-charge, non-volatile, embedded 2D floating-gate memory traps, detects, encodes one electron per bit of data

https://phys.org/news/2026-07-2d-quantum-memory-device-electron.html

"achieves fundamental physical limit of charge-based information storage... self-aligned coplanar Guiyi drain-channel-source confines individual charges... produces stable 0.5-volt non-volatile threshold voltage shift at room temperature... self-limiting prevents additional charges from immediately entering, allowing individual electrons to be added/ removed in distinct, repeatable 0.5-volt steps... scalable, high-density"