Water molecules kept within 1-nm crystalline channels prevents freezing at ultra-low temperatures, fireproofing aqueous batteries

https://techxplore.com/news/2026-06-nanometer-channels-enable-safer-energy.html

"water breaks down at relatively low voltages/ freezes in cold environments, restricting its operational window... overcome locking it inside sub-nm MOF pores disrupting hydrogen-bonding networks that cause water to expand into ice split into hydrogen gas... maintains high electrochemical stability/ remains liquid to -60°C... highly resilient, non-flammable, solid-state, aqueous batteries for electric vehicles and extreme grid storage"