Nafion™ membranes in proton exchange fuel cells enhanced by adding sulfonated clay/ carbon nanotubes

https://frontis-energy.com/tag/materials-for-renewable-and-sustainable-energy

"Nafion™ degrades structurally/ rapidly losing efficiency above 80°C, dehydrating at high temperatures/ low humidity, making protons less conductive... synergistic effect: sulfonated clay enhances water-attraction, carbon nanotubes improves structural integrity/ reinforces conductivity pathways... at 120°C/ 20% relative humidity: 443 mW/cm² Peak Power (4x higher than standard Nafion™, 42.3 mS/cm conductivity at low humidity, glass transition (thermal stability limit) 150 (was 120°C), better durability"