Graphene capacitors achieve rapid, high-depth modulation of terahertz waves

https://phys.org/news/2025-08-graphene-capacitors-rapid-high-depth.html

"manipulate THz waves using modulators of metamaterials embedded with conductive 2D graphene... fast, tuneable optical response using graphene capacitors: <1 µm wide graphene patches placed inside each resonator metamaterial array... devices reflect signals from back surface... modulation depth >4 orders magnitude... both large modulation with slow speeds,/ small modulation with large speeds, >99.99% intensity modulation depth, 30 MHz speed... spectroscopy, security screening, medicine, communications"