Amorphous cathode's low-voltage oxygen dimer anionic redox mechanism for high-capacity, structurally stable lithium-ion batteries

https://phys.org/news/2025-08-amorphous-cathode-reveals-voltage-oxygen.html

"amorphous lithium volume of fluid reversible redox mechanism in cathode (rather than crystalline cathode) featuring tetrahedral (rather than octahedral) coordination... avoids oxygen loss, structural collapse, voltage fade at high voltages... upon charging at ~4.1 V, forms O–O coordination pairs at 1.3–1.5 Å, indicating oxygen dimer formation... >300 mAh/g capacity within 1.5–4.8 V voltage window... amorphous material no longer considered too disordered for batteries... high energy density... EVs, grid storage, wearables"