Electrode surface patterning minimizing bubble-interfering contact area lowers costs, enhances performance

https://phys.org/news/2024-10-insights-electrode.html

"bubbles block parts of electrode surface reducing electrode performance 10 to 25% by area where bubble contacts surface... AI-based open-source software tool automatically recognizes/ quantifies bubbles formed on surface enable control of electrodes' morphology/ chemistry... reduces amount of platinum/ iridium wasted by reaction-blocking bubbles... hydrogen production, carbon-capture, aluminum production,  chemical production using the chlor-alkali process"