Invar low thermal expansion iron/ nickel alloy: single step solid-state production from ores to sustainable metals

https://techxplore.com/news/2024-09-alloy-production-ores-sustainable-metals.html

"saving vast amount of energy, integrating metal extraction, alloying, thermomechanical processing... near-optimized microstructure-property combination directly converts ores or oxides to products... oxides with similar reducibility, mixability at around 700°C... hydrogen reducing agent: water only byproduct (no CO2 emission or product contamination)... avoids frequent cooling/ reheating (no reheating at all)... superior mechanical strength due to refined grain size... future: make scalable, adapt for high-entropy alloys"