Carrier pre-intercalation increases performance of sodium, potassium, magnesium and zinc alternatives to Li-ion in batteries

https://www.asce-si.ch/onyc/2024/09/i312UHDc589282DYB.html/

"chemical and electrochemical pre-intercalation methods introduce special ions into the electrode materials before the battery even starts working. This helps increase the spaces between the layers in the electrodes, making it easier for ions to move in and out. The technique also improves how well these materials conduct electricity, leading to faster charging and discharging, significantly improved stability/ lifetime, lower costs, and increased energy storage capacity"