Today's Tech News: Notable or Not?

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-atom-advance-quantum-emitter.html "Quantum Emitter Electron Nanomaterial Microscope in combination with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy... focused beam of electrons excites material causing it to emit single photons 1 at a time... twisting layers at specific angles creates twisted interfaces amplifying light up to 120X, pinpointing emitters' location emitters within <10 nm... create these emitters at chosen spots by adding carbon/ activating using electron beam... boosts signals/ improves information sharing efficiency in quantum systems"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-growth-strategy-enables-coherent-quantum.html "crystalline defects typically arise (coalescence) when small crystal regions (grains) merge... overcome combining epitaxial growth with precise control of coalescence kinetics on vicinal sapphire substrates yielding single-crystal molybdenum disulfide channels with minimal defects... exhibits coherent transport at low temperatures/ high 1,200 cm2 V−1 s−1 Hall mobility... used to fabricate arrays of field-effect transistors: 100 cm2 V−1 s−1 average mobility, 65 mV dec−1 minimum subthreshold swing at room temperature"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-monolithic-3d-chip-built-foundry.html "stacks ultra-thin memory/ computing units vertically, enabling fast, massive data movement between layers... layers built 1 on top of other in continuous, low-temperature process in commercial foundry... helps chip bypass the bottlenecks that have long slowed improvement in flat designs... outperforms comparable 2D chips 4X, up to 12X improvement on real AI workloads... 100 to 1,000X improvements in Energy-Delay Product metric balancing speed and energy efficiency" Related: CityUHK pioneers breakthrough in 3DIC semiconductor packaging materials https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109660

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109423 "structural frustration at interface of 2 compounds: manganese/ cobalt/ germanium, and manganese/ cobalt/ arsenic... translates to magnetic frustration causing atomic spins to twist, creating desired magnetic properties for: high-density hard drives, reduced power consumption for data centers as moving skyrmions requires little energy, materials for fault-tolerant quantum computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109566 "logic (transistors)/ memory fabricated in 1 compact stack on 1 chip... 2 nm thick amorphous indium oxide active channel layer grown at relatively cool 150°C preventing damage to existing front-end circuitry, minimized defects (oxygen vacancies)... added ferroelectric hafnium-zirconium-oxide layer, ending up with 20 nm back-end transistors with built-in memory, 10 ns switching speed, lower voltage... generative AI, deep learning, computer vision... future: integrate these back-end memory transistors onto single circuit"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109604 "quantum computers using trapped-ion or trapped-neutral-atom systems rely on precise laser beams to communicate with and control individual qubits... uses microwave-frequency vibrations to manipulate laser light... generating, with high stability and efficiency, many copies of laser with slightly different frequencies... higher density of components, scalable CMOS fabrication, high efficiency consuming 80X less microwave power, reduced heat allowing more channels placed close together on single chip"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109311 "CMOS inefficient for compressed sensing reconstruction due to high energy/ latency caused by data shuttling between processor/ memory)... overcome using memCS: 128Kb memristor chip with CIM architecture executing core CS calculations directly within memory... 31.11 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio, 94.2% classification accuracy, closely matching pure software implementations... 11.22X faster, 30.46X more energy-efficient... excels in power-constrained edge computing scenarios"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109250 "P-bits hardware elements naturally fluctuate between 0 & 1, so ideal for optimization/ inference, but rely on bulky, power-hungry, expensive digital-to-analog converters... overcome using magnetic tunnel junctions  naturally switching between 2 states randomly, a 50/50 bitstream fed into simple digital circuit that uses controlled timing combining signals, allowing smooth tuning probability of output being 0 or 1... requires significantly less area and power while being compatible with modern semiconductor manufacturing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109310 "more efficient, durable, scalable, cheaper... sulfuric acid applied to nanotube films, improving electrical conductivity, maintaining high transparency, stabilizing nickel-based interfacial layer, which improves connection between internal cell components, >20% power conversion efficiency... after month of heat, humidity, sunlight, retained > 95% initial performance, when repeatedly bent 1,000X lost only about 5% efficiency, roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition 6X cheaper than ITO sputtering (by $200/ m2), scalable"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108851 "extreme thinness/ tendency to collapse due to metallic bonding makes synthesis difficult, overcome combining quantum-mechanical modeling/ machine learning... interface stability with smooth well-aligned geometries at metallene edges, most robust interfaces overall use transition metals, machine-learning accurately predicts atomic-level interface behavior... accelerates synthesis of more robust, larger-scale metallene structures... high-performance devices in: high-tech electronics, energy conversion, biomedicine"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-nanomagnet-production-efficiency.html "greater efficiency/ higher density than horizontal alignment... ion beam magnetic engraving imprints magnetic nanostrips onto iron-vanadium alloy thin film... ion beam locally orders atoms into crystal lattice, making bombarded areas ferromagnetic... reduced nanostrip widths to 25 nm, forcing magnetic moments to stand out vertically from surface... increased data storage density, increased efficiency especially in spintronics, enhanced sensitivity, cost-effective... magnetic storage, sensors, spin-based quantum computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109148 "materials can be engineered with mobile ions to modulate their internal fields, furthering light sculpting across various wavelengths... could form the basis for tunable UV/ blue components in integrated electro-optics... control method: tuning of these components would be controlled not just by traditional electronics (electrons), but by the motion of ions within the crystal, which is only billionths of a meter thick... also control of how much the crystal slows and bends light... also applies to other types of components"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108915 "fundamentally different approach to data processing that does not treat all data equally... up to 10X performance improvements at half the power without requiring users to rewrite their applications... national security tasks, such as advanced fluid dynamics simulations helping assess nuclear deterrent safety/ reliability without underground testing... more sophisticated/ efficient simulations... scalable, featuring innovative server/ advanced cooling... smarter, more adaptive designs rather than just bigger machines"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-reconfigurable-platform-chip-photonic.html "extending light storage time crucial for quantum memory... on-chip vital for robustness, deployability, manufacturability... light loss from chips' defects overcome utilizing slow-light effect on-chip (reducing velocity nearly 1,000X) extending propagation time using spectral hole burning... achieved using erbium-doped lithium niobate, exhibiting high density/ coherence... tunable/ reconfigurable repeatedly over large bandwidth without needing to fabricate new device for each different application"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1109000 "removing positively charged cesium cations from quantum dots creating bromide-rich solution, then manganese cations added enabling dots to absorb magnetic cations into their structure, displacing about 40% of lead ions, resulting in magnetic, cheap, scalable, near 100% efficient manganese-doped quantum dots... lighting: energy-efficient dots glow in desirable warmer, orange hues... solar cells: increased efficiency... quantum computers: magnetic dots as stable qubits... cheaper/ scalable (no protective stabilizing coating)"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-solid-state-quantum-processor-based.html "each nuclei sits close to rare-earth ion Er3+, which carries unpaired electron spin, much easier to manipulate/ detect than nuclear spin, so it acts as amplifier for nuclear spin... atoms located within calcium tungstate crystal, which is placed on top of superconducting microwave resonator used to manipulate quantum states... no need for additional optical transition (as in NV centers) or particular electrical properties (as in semiconductor donors)... very long coherence (seconds)... improves sensitivity/ performance"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108474 "unit-cell level: surrogate modeling accelerates electromagnetic response prediction, inverse design frameworks explore complex solution spaces, robust design methods improve stability against manufacturing errors... system-level: AI unified differentiable framework integrates structural design physical propagation models, task-specific loss functions... AI shifting metasurface design from staged methods to intelligent, collaborative, system-level optimization... compact/ computational imaging, AR/VR displays, LiDAR"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108271 "avoids complex, energy-intensive, unidirectional freezing... discarded egg white precursor, self-assembly (salting-out protein)... yields directional 1–7 µm macroporous channels enhancing impedance matching/ EM wave attenuation when EM waves propagate parallel to channels... WC1-x nanoparticles formed (tunable) during pyrolysis/ uniformly dispersed on carbon matrix, improving energy dissipation... record minimum reflection loss, wide absorption bandwidth... radar stealth, chip anti-interference"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108469 "computes while data in transit over optical fibers... speed: tera- to peta-scale operations/ second, energy consumption: femtojoules to attojoules/ operation, latency: pico- to nanoseconds... remote access to optical processor without digital conversion drastically reduces computing latency... performs machine learning computations within optical fiber... proof-of-concept combining computation with data transfer over 20 km fiber access line achieved good classification accuracy for image recognition tasks"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-gold-nanoclusters-materials-nanoelectronics.html "gold nanoclusters (act like individual atoms) assembled into 3D framework using metal ions, forming cluster-based MOFs... assembly allows for precise control/ fine-tuning material's properties... reducing distance between gold nanoclusters improved material's electrical conductivity as much as 31X... metal ions' electron structure affects material's overall electrical conductivity... 4 cluster-based MOF materials created... poised to revolutionize nanoelectronics"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-demand-electronic-topology-crystal.html "topological currents protected by symmetry have significantly less dissipation (energy waste)... addition or subtraction of electrical charge drives reversible topological transition: initial OFF non-conductor insulator: modifying antimony/ tellurium ratio changes electron count/ lattice arrangement, disrupting symmetry, opening energy gap... switching ON metal conductor: depositing thin potassium layer donates electrons, restoring symmetry... restoring OFF: heating removes potassium, returns to initial insulating state"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108479 "multiple tantalum oxide molecular junctions can be created automatically/ simultaneously... approx. 0.3 V individual molecular circuits, without use of silicon... stable electrical contacts (molecular junctions) between functional molecules (rectifiers, switches, memory units)/ metal electrodes... atomic switch chemically forms/ breaks conductive path rather than moving physical parts, ON = positive voltage, silver atoms move... highly energy-efficient molecular switches/ sensors leveraging molecules' quantum properties"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-strong-material-egg-whites-cool.html "protein foaming method used to create structure in which low cost particles densely/ uniformly interconnected, similar to how egg-white proteins expand at high temperatures... enables creation of composite material with continuous thermal pathways, preventing heat transfer from being interrupted... inherently economic/ scalable injection molding fabrication... high performance, eco-friendly, lightweight, strong, low cost... electronics/ battery thermal management" 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ev-motor-packs-1000-hp-per-wheel "28-pounds, 59 kW/ kg power density, paired with highly efficient 33-pound dual inverter, EV conversions still save about 441 pounds... advanced regenerative braking captures/ reuses energy, potentially eliminating the need for rear disc brakes and driveshafts... light enough to be fitted inside the wheel while remaining mass-neutral, meaning it does not add net weight to the vehicle... performance, efficiency, weight reduction, scalable for various high-performance EVs"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107901 "electrically driven switching without substantial heating and under a weak current... switching completing within few to several tens of ps... fastest was 140 ps, constrained by the short current pulses that could be generated by the current device setup, not by the material itself... faster computing, communications, and advanced electronics,,, future: switch even faster under optimized conditions, including creating even shorter current pulses"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-aluminum-nitride-transistor-advances-gen.html "ultra-thin gallium nitride layer on bulk single-crystal aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate... AlN has ultrawide bandgap allowing it to withstand higher temperatures/ voltages, with low defect densities/ high thermal conductivity... lower channel temperature enables operation at even higher power, extending communication/ radar range... about 1 million-fold fewer crystalline defects significantly improves performance, several orders magnitude less gallium... RF power amplifiers for: 5G/ 6G, radar"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108300 "energy-efficient: achieves >50% reduction in core loss compared to initial amorphous material... particularly high performance in high-frequency range (up to several tens of kHz) where materials usually suffer from increased energy loss... efficiency of soft magnetic materials in high-frequency transformers/ inductors in: EV drive power supply circuits, AI-focused data centers... future: prototype transformers: test material's integration into actual power conversion circuits"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-energy-efficient-rare-earth-element.html "uses electricity to split neodymium chloride molecules, drawing pure neodymium to cathode... eliminates 2 major, energy-intensive steps... reduces production costs from >14 to approximately $5/ kg... no harmful gas byproducts... anode design prevents degradation, allowing continuous use... complete mine-to-magnet U.S.-based manufacturing chain... future: making scalable, testing new deposition approaches to stabilize anode... method can be extended to other critical rare-earth metals"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-previously-untrainable-neural-networks-effectively.html "network encouraged to match internal representations of guide network during brief training... transfers structural knowledge, aligning way 2 networks organize information within each layer, even when guide network untrained, as already encode valuable architectural biases steering other networks toward effective learning... even few alignment steps before full training sufficient to confer lasting benefits... stabilizes training, eliminates failure modes, prevents overfitting... success less dependent on task-specific data" Related: For visual AI systems, selecting the right blueprint may accelerate learning https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108079 Taming chaos in neural networks: A biologically plausible way https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-chaos-neural-networks-biologically-plausible.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-terahertz-device-quantum-horizons.html "prototype device fabricated >11 years ago still works as well/ stable as on day 1... longevity (materials' intrinsic resilience/ engineered to resist degradation from air or moisture)/ stability... built from high-temperature superconductor/ consists of atomically thin layers... contains Josephson junctions, enabling phase-locked coherent generation/ transmission... small (elements less than human hair width), 1 V low-power... emits waves tunable from 100 GHz to 1 THz... operates as superconductor near 90°K"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108105 "sound scattered off them creates attractive forces, causing them to snap together into single clump...  introducing/ tuning electric charge to particles leverages electrostatic repulsion to keep particles separated, achieving stable configurations ranging from completely separated systems to fully collapsed ones, and hybrids in between, including non-reciprocal: particle arrangements that spontaneously rotate/ pairs of particles that chase each other... stable mid-air manipulation: material science, micro- robotics/ engineering"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108208 "low: power consumption/ signal interference (cross talk)... created from carbon and other light elements to form covalently bonded, highly porous crystalline sheetlike films... ultralow dielectric constant/ ultrahigh electrical breakdown strength (needed for high-voltage), good thermal stability... synthetic interfacial polymerization stitches molecular building blocks to form strong crystalline layered sheets.... ultimate goal is to greatly lower the power consumption of the booming AI data center growth"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-scientists-advance-quantum-technology.html "silicon nanopatterned substrate creates corkscrew-like spinning photons imparting spin on electrons in/ nanopatterning thin-film molybdenum diselenide, above... replaces complex, costly super-cooling systems, for smaller, simpler, cheaper, low-energy quantum components for use in cryptography, advanced sensing, high-performance computing, AI... future: integrate into larger quantum networks (requiring new light sources, detectors), embed into smart phones enabling smart phone quantum computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107673 "replaces large-aperture metalens with array of multiple small-aperture metalenses, preventing chromatic/ off-axis aberrations from severely escalating with increases in aperture size or FOV... reduced wavefront error from >90 to approximately 1 wavelength, reducing aberration, ensuring Modulation Transfer Function curve stays above noise-limited threshold, enhancing recoverability/ image quality... Multi-scale Feature-domain Wiener Deconvolution Deep Fusion Network: interpretable/ detail-preserving image reconstruction"

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-argon-ion-treatment-carbon-nanowall.html "carbon nanowalls: vertically stacked 10-15 graphene sheets have large specific surface area for high capacitance... ion implantation allows for material's bulk treatment due to high penetrating capacity... also creates nanosized cavities in material's structure, which are then passivated in air by functional groups... 10¹⁴ ions/ cm2 optimal dose since aligns cavity size to that of electrolyte molecules enabling them to embed, providing nanostructuring further increases capacitance... works better than embedding heteroatoms" Related: Mini-vortices in nanopores accelerate ion transport for faster supercapacitor charging https://phys.org/news/2025-12-mini-vortices-nanopores-ion-faster.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-high-pressure-terahertz-emission-2d.html "using diamond anvil cell... >150 fs phase shift under high pressure, indicating transient current process precedes optical rectification... pressure alters intrinsic resonant frequency/ initial charge distribution, which determines amplitude, frequency, THz phase... hydrostatic pressure could be used to probe, informing improved new THz-active materials' bandwidth, efficiency, and tunability, including those modified through chemical-pressure-based doping... topological materials, spintronics, heterostructures"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105641 "hybrid design allows projecting either scanning beam arrays or uniform flash illumination by modulating incident light's polarization... left-circularly polarized high-precision 3D scanning/ right-circularly polarized single-shot, full-field snapshot 3D detection... superior balance between resolution, field of view, adaptability... ultrathin metasurfaces leads to compact beam forming device... compatible with time-of-flight, binocular vision detection mechanisms... optical sensing, versatile: autonomous navigation, 3D sensing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1104682 "high signal-to-noise ratio between single photons (previously extremely weak) made possible using high-speed entangled photon-pair sources, low-noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, high-efficiency nonlinear optical crystal... high-fidelity entanglement swapping without destroying resulting entangled pair, by detecting photon generated via SFG... photonic quantum information processing circuits' miniaturization/ efficiency, device-independent quantum key distribution transmission distance extension"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1103434   "parity metamaterials are constructed by pairing arbitrary asymmetric meta-atoms with their unique parity-inverted counterparts, maintaining undistorted transmitted wavefront across ultrabroad frequencies while simultaneously allowing for flexible control of reflected wavefronts... integrated into sonar systems, significantly suppress specular reflection signals, achieving acoustic stealth... does not rely on global symmetry/ balanced gain–loss conditions... underwater acoustics, elastic waves, adaptive metasurfaces"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105887 "incorporates different capacitors on radiating patch, meta-atoms integrating initial radiation/ scattering phases...achieves cost-effective phased arrays... 12×12" metasurface achieves grating-lobe-free single-beam scanning over a ±45° range, with sidelobe level better than 10 dB... facilitates wireless energy harvesting... meta-surface reflected beam dynamically controlled, with >7 db average increased signal power density within blind zones... integrates: communication, sensing, decision-making, power supply"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106442 "characterization, involving multiple interacting optical modes (qumodes) to generate entanglement, becomes exponentially resource-intensive, overcome utilizing mathematical framework precisely describing multimode 2nd-order nonlinear optical quantum processes... quantum state map: captures how mean fields of light transform/ describes noise (loss) introduced by environment, leading to more realistic characterization... achieved characterization of large-scale optical quantum operation involving 16 (was 5) modes"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-intelligent-photodetectors-dogs-materials-spectra.html "directly encodes visible to mid-IR spectral/ spatial information into output photocurrent, allowing sensor to identify materials, chemicals,.. optoelectronic sensors learn/ compute without need for digital post-processing... can be electrically tuned to enhance/ suppress specific spectral signatures... trains sampling pixels/ receiving simple commands, then learns optimal electrical control sequence to highlight target object's pixels/ suppress background... for new/ unseen images, produces only for pixels belonging to target object"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-physicists-generate-hybrid-options-6g.html "strong coupling between miniaturized surface acoustic waves/ yttrium iron garnet's lattice atomic acoustic waves, results in nanoscale hybrid GHz spin-sound waves... leads to magnon-polaron hybrid excitations... combines pillars of microwave technology: acoustic filters/ ferrimagnetic insulators... quantitative understanding and control over this spin-sound coupling offers pathway for developing agile frequency filters that can be adjusted during operation, a key innovation for upcoming 6G mobile communications"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-tensor-world.html "3D sensing (point clouds), computer graphics, physics simulations are continuous, requiring real-number coordinates, complex/ specialized code outside mainstream tensor frameworks... overcome with new framework: allowing data to be stored/ accessed using real-number coordinates, continuous Einsums language expressing computations between continuous tensors in concise math-like form, infinite real number representation in finite array... drastically simplifies coding for continuous data tasks"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-nanoscale-bragg-photonic-chips-suppress.html "produces narrow spectrum light... eliminates lasers' noise source... photonic bandgap removes states' density parasitic modes rely on to operate... induced dead zone causes 6X increase in Brillouin lasing's minimum energy threshold for exciting laser emission, 2.5X power, boost... Bragg gratings can be written, erased, re-tuned after creation using only laser light, for low-noise single-mode or cascaded multi-mode operation... general framework for controlling optical processes on photonic chips, not only Brillouin lasers"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107373 "converts electrical energy into mechanical motion using ferroelectric fluids... amplifies TEF, which acts perpendicularly to applied electric field,,, ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal mixture combines free-flowing liquid attribute with spontaneous polarization (ability to retain internal electric dipole)... dielectric constant generating stress exceeding 1,000 N/m², achieved at few tens of V (was 10 kV)... future: motor made entirely of plastic, eliminating need for magnets/ rare-earths... compact, energy-efficient actuators/ motors"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107423 "synthetic polymers as a promising, sustainable alternative to expensive, unsustainable minerals currently used in electronic devices like conductors, transistors, and diodes... newly developed polymers possess special electronic properties enabled by 2 controlled techniques: chirality and chemical doping: structural chirality significantly boosts chemical reaction controlling doping in polymers, even though initially detrimental"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107536 "overcomes metasurface manufacturing's refractive index limitation, retains nanoimprint lithography high-speed/ low-cost, electron beam lithography performance... Hybrid Material Method: imprint nanoscale patterns on low-refractive-index resin using NIL, coat high-refractive-index thin film onto patterns using atomic layer deposition... Particle-Embedded Resin Method: mix high-refractive-index nanoparticles into NIL resin... water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol mold dissolved in water after imprinting... future: roll-to-roll" Related: Nanoscience breakthrough puts low-cost, printable electronics on the horizon https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108775

https://press.uni-mainz.de/common-metal-unusual-power-new-manganesei-complex-breaks-lifetime-record-for-excited-states/ "2 orders magnitude (100 times) longer, giving catalyst more time to diffuse/ encounter another molecule with which to transfer an electron, enabling photoreaction... single-step reaction directly from commercially available colorless: manganese salt and a ligand... resulting in deep purple complex exhibiting strong light absorption... sustainable, highly efficient, robust behavior, long excited-state lifetime... large-scale photoreaction applications, such as sustainable hydrogen production" Related: Redox reaction using main-group element gallium from group 13 in a move away from rare-earth and precious metals https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107516

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107559 "using 3 standard sinusoidal projection patterns assumes object stationary... overcome using neural inverse rendering framework leveraging deep learning... models/ optimizes motion (represented as displacement field)/ shape, correcting for captured images' motion-induced discrepancies... extends structured light high-precision capabilities into dynamic environments merging deep learning/ optical principles... dynamic/ accurate 3D capture: manufacturing inspection, digital twin modeling, visual production performance"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107570 "<£100 shop-bought optical fiber links 2 separate smaller networks... chaotic light scattering inside fiber shaped at input into 8-user reconfigurable router, routes/ teleports entanglement on demand, switching between local, global, mixed connections... multiplexed entanglement: teleportation/ swapping entanglement between 4 distant users across 2 channels at once... sets a new standard for connecting and controlling quantum entanglement across distributed systems... this prototype built is scalable" Related: Quanta teleport between photons from two distant light sources https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106475 Progress towards a quantum internet https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108117

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-frontend-gbs-pam.html "processes high-voltage, higher-order signals,... fabricated in 28nm CMOS... 1.95 pJ/bit power efficiency... multi-path architecture: signal path divided, each path handling only sub-range of total dynamic range, reducing number of slicers/samplers, decreasing final stage's load, improving linearity-power trade-off, doubling linearity with only 20% power increase... separated Feed-Forward Equalization path for channel loss compensation while handling large input signals... accelerated supercomputers, speed between servers"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-method-based-quantum-processors-neural.html "process information more efficiently than classical Convolutional Neural Networks, but quantum photonic states linear, limiting flexible operations needed for neural networks... overcome injecting adaptive state making photonic circuit more adaptable, so circuit adjusts behavior based on a measurement taken during processing... either injects new photon or sends existing light forward steering computation... proof of concept: encoded 4 × 4 images of horizontal/ vertical bar patterns, >92% classification accuracy, scalable"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107394 "TENGs excellent at harvesting mechanical energy from human motion, which when integrated with micro supercapacitors have stable output, but complex, expensive, slow fabrication like 3D printing/ laser cutting prevents large-scale production... overcome with: (1) TENG Conductive Layer created via a dip-spin-coating using MXene paste, (2) MSC electrode created via mask-assisted graphene solution vacuum filtration... press TENG with palm... 0.653 V/ minute charging efficiency" Related: Polymer beads generate electricity for self-charging devices using simple friction https://phys.org/news/2025-11-polymer-beads-generate-electricity-devices.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-quantum-photonic-chip-emitting-molecules.html "solid-state emitters' spectral diffusion: photon emission frequency randomly wanders (color spread unpredictable) determined by environmental noise... overcome, enabling 2 identical sources to run in parallel, using tunable light-emitting single molecules embedded in single-crystalline organic nanosheets combined with silicon-nitride photonic circuits (waveguides) and metal microelectrodes... fluorescent molecules placed into waveguides where electric fields applied via microelectrodes"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-photonic-millimeter-radar-chip-generation.html "struggle maintaining high bandwidth at high frequencies, overcome using optical rather than electrical signal processing... thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform shrunk to sub-coin-size while achieving highest resolution of any on-chip photonic radar... mm-wave V band (centered at 45 GHz) with 10 GHz bandwidth... precision velocity detection/ ranging, integrations signal generation/ echo processing, no high-speed digital-to-analog/ analog-to-digital converters... scalable production on 4-inch wafers"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107210 "OLEDs use relatively thick metal masks to deposit light-emitting molecules, overcome using ceramic silicon nitride to form resilient membranes 3,000X thinner, integrable into standard chip production processes... light sources closer than half their wavelength exhibit waves with interference patterns, enabling light output reinforcement, cancellation, direction manipulation control... powerful mini lasers, medical diagnostic polarized light, razor-sharp screen in VR glasses, microscopy, sensors, phased array optics"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1103233 "overcomes physical barrier historically restricting technologies' sensitivity for use in advanced science... single-photon entanglement improved precision but failed to provide high resolution, overcome using multi-mode N00N State entangling multiple photons along specific paths creating much denser interference fringes, detecting smallest physical changes with high sensitivity, simultaneously enhancing resolution... 88% higher precision (2.74 dB improvement), approaching ultimate Heisenberg limit... future: chip-based" Related: Quantum sensor based on silicon carbide qubits operates at room temperature https://phys.org/news/2025-11-quantum-sensor-based-silicon-carbide.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102409 "chip-sized spectroscope confines THz light from 1 mm down to 3 µm for visualizing electron behavior/ optical conductivity...layers' edges in 2D materials naturally act as mirrors in optical cavities confining light/ electrons... excited electron streams reflect off edges, combining with light forming plasmon polariton hybrid quasiparticles... each layer's plasmons interact strongly, altering material's behavior... 2D material edges act as boundaries for light-matter waves... future: find other quasiparticles in variety of 2D systems"

https://www.geeky-gadgets.com/graphene-perovskite-solar-cell-efficiency/ "improved electron mobility/ minimized resistance... material costs up to 80% less (no precious metals)...  nano-film encapsulation guards against heat, moisture, UV degradation... reliable performance over long periods... use in: drones, satellites, portables, IoT powered by LEDs, rooftops... 98% recyclable...future: multi-junction cells, which could push efficiencies beyond 35% suggesting future where solar energy is not just an alternative, but the dominant, cost-effective standard for global energy needs"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1103430 "abundant, non-toxic, stable titanium oxide functions only as n-type, but CMOS used in computers require both n- and p-type... overcome, combining oxidation/ doping into single step: aluminum oxide film placed over titanium thin film is irradiated with laser for few seconds (tens of hours), forming titanium oxide, disrupting electron balance, transforming into p-type semiconductor... ambient conditions (no: high vacuum/ temperature, expensive equipment)... faster, cheaper, more reliable production of highly integrated circuits"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1104973 "fermentation produced cellulose-spinning bacteria komagataeibacter xylinus... color-producing escherichia coli microbial pigments: violaceins (cool tones) add in color-producing bacteria after cellulose bacteria already begins growing, each working without thwarting the other... carotenoids (warm tones) where cellulose harvested/ purified, then soaked in pigment-producing cultures... withstands washing, bleaching, heating, chemical soaking... cool tone textiles retain color better than some synthetic dyes during washing"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-approach-bond-debond-2d-semiconductors.html "layers brought into contact within vacuum or glovebox, they bond naturally... allows for: precise manipulation of layer numbers/ interlayer twist angle, consistent results across large areas, reversible assembly... proof of concept: homostructures/ heterostructures using molybdenum disulfide and molybdenum diselenide monolayers... dielectric integration while preserving intrinsic electronic properties... smaller, faster, higher-performing electronic components, such as advanced transistors"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106948 "shields user from disease as they move around room with device in hand, without any often uncomfortable air jets... induction-removal (jet-sink) airflow concept... during 30-minute consultation prevents any pathogen inhalation for 1st 15 minutes of exposure... during 2nd 15 minutes 9.5% probability of infection compared to 91% under standard ventilation without device... removes up to 94% of airborne pathogens... medical clinics, classrooms, offices... future: refine the design for larger rooms"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107103 "qubit sources often room-size, overcome with scalable, on-chip quantum processors, enabled by using metasurfaces: artificial geometries etched, using standard cleanroom technology, into ultrathin molybdenum disulfide crystals... enhances nonlinear effects more than traditional linear optical optimization techniques... nearly 150X 2nd-harmonic improvement compared to unpatterned samples... future: reverse this process splitting 1 photon into 2 entangled photons (basis for qubits)... easily integrated with existing fiber-optics"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106958 "using light to control light requires massive power, overcome using avalanche multiplication: single photon strikes silicon, creates single electron triggering avalanche generating up to 1 M new electrons, switching much more powerful probe beam on/ off... uses less energy, room temperature. CMOS compatibility, GHz (potentially 100s)... quantum computing (faster teleportation protocols), classical: not limited by current CPUs' approx. 5 GHz heat/ energy cap... data centers, optical communications, high-performance CPUs"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106799 "lanthanide nanocrystals ideal for high-quality light emission due to precise color capabilities, but as insulators cannot conduct electricity effectively,.. overcome wrapping them in organic semiconductor ligands acting as intermediaries, capturing charge carriers from electric field exciting lanthanide ions inside which then emit bright, stable light... 76X more efficient, nearly 99% triplet-energy transfer (almost no energy loss), can output full spectrum/ changing color only requires changing lanthanide dopant... phone screens. LEDs"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-nature-hydrogel-power-free-thermal.html "thermal management inspired by leaf of white poplar tree... polyacrylamide hydrogel-based composite... 2 systems: (1) lithium ions absorb moisture from air condensing it releasing heat keeping material warm in cold conditions, (2) hydroxypropyl cellulose manages radiative heat becoming transparent accepting sunlight in low temperatures/ opaque (reflects sunlight) in high temperatures... titanium dioxide nanoparticles for durability... up to 153 MJ/m² annual savings: up to 3.7°C lower in summer/ up to 3.5°C higher in winter"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106889 "uses NAND gate (combinations of which can construct all gate types)... computes/ makes decisions instead of simply responding to stimuli... shining 3 lasers into merocyanine-functionalized hydrogel contracts it/ increases its refractive index, causing beam to narrow/ brighten... in this way, beams inhibit each other in predictable pattern, allowing input/ output mapping without wires, electrodes, external circuits... mimics biological materials' autonomy... self-adapting: soft robotics, medical devices/ implants"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-subtle-perovskites-solar-cells-quantum.html (1) LEDs: made brighter/ more efficient by connecting crystal structure directly to both efficiency/ advanced optical functionality minimizing energy dissipation from iodine vacancies, (2) solar cells: improve stability/ power conversion efficiency by minimizing energy dissipation from iodine vacancies (3) spintronics/ quantum devices: benefited by resulting Rashba effect, exhibiting 2 subbands with opposite spin states... also benefited by resulting circularly polarized light emission... (4) secure optical communication: also benefited"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106385 "interface array of tiny, soft nodes embedded in stretchable latex sheet... solves issues of sensation sharpness/ speed... applies small voltages to individual nodes enabling gripping surface ( similar to balloon sticking to wall) and tilt, pressing into skin to create mechanical force... nodes can move up to 800X/ second, covering nearly full frequency range human touch receptors... generates virtual bumps/ rough surfaces when swipes across smooth screen... VR, feel before buying online, human-robot interfaces, remote operation feedback" Related: New haptic display technology creates 3D graphics you can see and feel https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-haptic-display-technology-3d-graphics.html

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106475 "non- quantum fiber-optic has amplifier/ repeater every ~50 km, but quantum cannot be copied/ amplified without destroying data, overcome catching signal/ teleporting to next node rather than amplifying... interacting photons must be same color (frequency)/ timing, achieved via quantum dots (acting like artificial atoms) as quantum frequency converters erasing even minimal frequency differences... quantum superposition instantly transferred to 10m (future: more) distant half of entangled pair... >70% success rate"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106386 "microscopic defects in wire force electricity to take circuitous routes, leading to inefficiency/ failure... overcome allowing their utilization, but because tapes held together by pressure rather than solder, if defect encountered in 1 strand, it jumps to neighboring wire without sacrificing performance, drastically lowering production costs... cooled using helium which remains a gas over wider temperature range than liquid nitrogen... utilizes high (up to 77°K) rather than near-absolute zero temperature superconductors"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106469 "tested barriers made of mix of silicon/ germanium/ tin atoms to enclose quantum well, which was expected to create resistance, but instead, electrical charges (mobility) moved faster/ more efficiently through quantum well... suggests barriers' atoms are not random but rather arrange themselves in consistent, orderly fashion relative to main material... acts as speed control knob without relying solely on strain/ alloying... neuromorphic/ quantum computing, microelectronics (miniaturization of standard silicon CMOS)" Related: Scientists achieve record-breaking electrical conductivity in new quantum material https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1107188

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106455 "heating/ cooling rates up to 1,000°C/ second synthesizes relaxor antiferroelectric lead zirconate film on silicon wafer... material's high-temperature paraelectric phase structure frozen at room temperature, creating <3 nm nanodomains acting as maze triggering high-performance relaxor antiferroelectric behavior, essential for highly efficient energy storage... capacitor: withstands high electric fields, strong polarization, 63.5 J/cm³ energy density... dense/ uniform film texture, thermally stable, scalable... prototype on 2" silicon wafers"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102188 "converts solid metals/ oxides/ ceramics/ polymers to nanoparticles, then focuses aerodynamically printing features as narrow as 20 μm/ building structures >50 μm thick in single pass onto substrate including flexible paper... proof of concept, built: letter-shaped silver circuits (powering LED belts), strain/ temperature sensors (on flexible films), ceramic-based X-band dipole antenna... scalable, cost-effective, sustainable... future: optimize aerosol transport, expand range of printable materials, enhance spatial resolution"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102105 "high precision capillary printable using 3 carbon-based inks (carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanocellulose) onto both rigid (glass, silicon)/ flexible (paper) substrates... Hummink low energy use printing technique creates features tens of μm long with sub-μm-sized gaps (transistor channel length) for stronger electrical performance... performance comparable to LCD, close to what's needed to drive OLED displays... not intended to replace high-performance silicon chips, can be competitive/ transformative in digital displays"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106266 "overcomes difficult positioning/ low efficiency challenges using lithography on non-planar surfaces... using 2 axicons converts Gaussian beam into collimated annular beam which then passes through convex lens group, where aberration in 2nd convex lens reduces annular beam width in radial direction... 1.79 µm minimum average line width, >10X better... with extended depth of focus, defocus/ positional errors minimally impact exposure outcomes... can be integrated with other advanced manufacturing methods"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105654 "fabricated optical cavity using gold nanotubes/ 2D tungsten diselenide semiconductors... amplified dark excitons 300,000X for visibility, long lifetimes, reduced decoherence... tunable using electric/ magnetic fields, allowing precise control... previously unobserved on/off switchable spin-forbidden dark excitons enables faster, smaller, more energy-efficient quantum information/ computing devices without altering fundamental nature of previously dark excitons... on-chip photonics, sensors, advanced communication"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106039 "fabricated heterostructure device scalably capable of forming 3 coupled quantum dots through precise electric-field control in few-electron regime... Quantum Cellular Automata effect where a charge in 1 dot electrostatically influencing neighbors, inducing simultaneous movement of 2 electrons, key to low-power quantum logic... zinc oxide is widely used in everyday technologies... future: explore coherent quantum control and qubit operations in these oxide systems... drug discovery, data security"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-photonic-chips-passively-laser-multiple.html "6 different chips manufactured on same wafer, from nonlinear interactions consistently generated 2nd (red), 3rd (green), 4th (blue) harmonics from incoming standard telecommunications 190 THz frequency laser... 2 timescales in resonator array of rings passively increases probability of satisfying frequency-phase matching conditions, eliminating need for embedded heaters or optimizations... integrated photonics: metrology, frequency conversion, nonlinear optical computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105998 "coumarin-based metamaterial, dynamic control... text, watermarks, graphics invisible under white light/ revealed by specific UV... 60 second write/erase cycles without chemicals/ mechanical wear.... features small as 700 nm via 2-photon polymerization/ grayscale-gradient processing... independent optical channels as separate passwords for different data levels... contrast remains >3× after 20 write–erase loops, readable >10 days... banknotes, pharmaceuticals, ID chips with time-dependent codes... reconfigurable barcodes"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-raman-quantum-memory-unity.html "atom-light interaction spatiotemporal mapping control, while quantum information is stored... breaks efficiency/ fidelity trade-off... Raman quantum memory based on warm rubidium-87 vapor... long-distance quantum communication, quantum computers, and distributed quantum sensing systems.,, future: exploring new physics-driven principles and integrating the memory into quantum repeaters for fault-tolerant quantum computing architectures and quantum networks" Related: Physicists unveil system to solve long-standing barrier to new generation of supercomputers https://phys.org/news/2025-11-physicists-unveil-barrier-generation-supercomputers.html

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-ultra-strong-lightweight-metal-composite.html "mimics reinforced concrete's microscopic structure... 3D metal printing/ micro-casting combination... rebar: titanium alloy microscopic mesh struts created using lasers to heat metal powders... space between struts filled with aluminum, silicon, magnesium using micro-casting... embedded µm-sized alumina particles/ silicon nanoprecipitates further strengthens... performance comparable to medium-range steels but at only third of weight... high-temperature resistance due to enhanced twinning,.. future: lower cost, for scalability" Related: Carbon-negative building material developed at Worcester Polytechnic Institute published in matter https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1108766

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106053 "double-layer lens automatically adjusts beam spot size based on receiver's distance (up to 5m)/ size... adjustable reflector controlled by 2 stepping motors rotating horizontally/ vertically... retroreflective sheets placed around PV receivers' edges, reflecting IR from depth camera's projector, creating clear outline, allowing: accurate shape/ position detection, target area isolation, minimized environmental interference... sequentially targets multiple PV receivers of different sizes/ distances, switching between them rapidly"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105488 "digital data encoded into light waves' amplitude/ phase, turning numbers into optical fields' physical properties... deep learning matrix/ tensor multiplications occur naturally as light fields interact/ combine... passive, requiring no active control/ electronic switching... using multiple wavelengths enables handling higher-order tensor operations... connects input to correct output instantly... integration with existing photonics hardware within 3 to 5 years... optical computing for fast, low power consumption, complex AI"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106159 "growing the sodium niobate on substrate induces 3 different phases (atom arrangements) simultaneously at room temperature (as film's atoms contract/ expand to match the substrate's atomic structure) without traditional methods like changing temperature/ chemical composition... optimizes ferroelectric properties by creating more boundaries between phases... even slight changes in length led to substantial phase changes... future: investigate the effect of strain at extreme temperatures ranging from -270° to 1,000°C"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105890 "allows manufacturing of complex 2D/ 3D structures... methacrylate-based 'ink' contains redox-active carbazole groups allowing resulting polymer structures to donate or accept electrons, making them electrically conducting so can reversibly change color depending on their oxidation state... ability to manipulate properties down to pixel level/ control color in 3D (height) opens up new possibilities for the additive manufacturing of optoelectronic devices such as pixel displays or actuators for soft robotics" Related: From Artificial Organs to Advanced Batteries: A Breakthrough 3D-Printable Polymer https://engineering.virginia.edu/news-events/news/artificial-organs-advanced-batteries-breakthrough-3d-printable-polymer

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105842 "image operated on horizontally/ vertically using diagonal matrices, building image approximation layer by layer compressing into smaller data amount... faster computation, lighter processing, utilizing less storage... more precise control during compression, well-suited for parallel data processing, allows image buildup in stages upon decompression... DCT, powerful but inefficient, divides image into 64 parts for compression/ PCA, practical but labor-intensive, rigid... rigidity removed enabling algorithmic combination"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-software-toolbox-enables-brain.html "bridges biophysics and machine learning inspired techniques to accelerate/ improve brain accuracy modeling... trains directly on experimental data... models use 1,000s of equations simulating electrical signaling in neurons, calculating how changes in model parameters affect simulation outcome, model self-adjusting based on data... analyzes large datasets in parallel using AI-class GPU... faster and more accurate simulations of brain function, learning, and memory"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-cow-cells-defy-aging-door.html "tracked natural cell immortalization process for 500 days (240 generations): after 180 days (60 generations) became senescent, then after months of apparent inactivity, at 400 days spontaneous cell renewal through controlled pathway driven by natural telomerase/ PGC1α activation, resetting cell's biological clocks by extending chromosomal ends/ regenerating mitochondria... retained DNA repair capabilities/ no disruption of normal growth regulation... commercially viable, non-GM cell lines across various animal species"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105737 "use rubber for every functional component (semiconductor, dielectric, interconnect) eliminating need for rigid conventional materials... skin-like, thin, sensory, stretchable electronic layer, including digital logic gates, that adhere intimately to human skin... integrates not only p-type (which has been done previously) but also n-type... stable even stretched up to 50%... medical/ health-monitoring, soft robotics and advanced human–machine interfaces (e.g., a smart, sensing glove)"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105690 "molybdenum disulfide channel, hexagonal boron nitride insulating tunneling dielectric, discrete platinum nanocrystal floating gate storage layer... superior data retention/ reliability... single defect/ leakage in tunneling layer does not cause complete charge loss... minimized charge trapping defects ensures sharp interfaces, contributing to stability/ speed... 10 year retention time at room temperature... 20K cycle endurance... in-memory computing reduces the number of transistors needed"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1104504 "quantum dots offer superior color purity/ brightness, but have outcoupling efficiency limitation that doesn't apply to elongated anisotropic nanocrystal quantum rods... overcomes widespread pinholes in film due to elongated rod shape, by enhancing balanced carrier injections/ suppressing leakage current... up to 92% photoluminescence quantum yield for both green/ red quantum rods, along with uniform size distribution/ shape confinement... green: reaches peak EQE of 20.2% and an ultra-high luminance of 250,000 cd m⁻²"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105371 "focuses a 1036 and a non-integer-related 1300 nm seed wavelength into water, amplifying cooperative nonlinear optical effects: soliton compression, dispersive-wave emission, 4-wave mixing, cross-phase modulation... advances liquid photonics/ ultrafast optics: deep-tissue biophotonics/ bioimaging. aqueous-phase/ ultrafast interfacial spectroscopy, attosecond electron-dynamics studies in water, optical sensing/ nonlinear photonics using water as a platform"

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-quality-problems-substrate-defects-enable.html "remote epitaxy: high-quality crystal film grown on substrate, guided by its atomic structure through thin buffer layer, peeled off... grew crystals through carbon buffer layers up to 7 nm thick (previous limit <1 nm) while maintaining alignment with substrate... substrate dislocations enable long-distance electrostatic interactions guiding crystal film growth/ structure... widens material choices/ improves processing window... scalable membrane release, enables wafer-recycling... built photodetector as proof-of-concept"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105286 "creates high-quality 3D scenes, from small objects to outdoor environments, using only 2 to 3 ordinary photographs, without need to precisely measure physical spaces or camera position/ orientation (simultaneously estimates directly from images themselves)... aligns multiple images into unified space without shape distortion... no: specialized equipment, complex calibration, additional training... construction, media, gaming (using just smartphone camera), low-cost simulations in robotics/ autonomous driving"

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-silver-nanowire-electrodes-surge-coating.html "43% less electrical resistance, doubling conductivity... facile, scalable, low-temperature solution process... durable, withstanding 85°C, 85% humidity... slightly increased light transmittance, enabling brighter, more transparent electrodes... fabricated transparent heaters: due to lower resistance reached, 140°C–145°C (previous: 102°C) in 6 minutes, 35% better heating performance... flexible, foldable, rollable electronic devices, including flexible displays, wearable sensors, electronic paper, advanced transparent heaters" 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105304 "integrates approximately 4K transistors, previously restricted to only a few hundred... integration flow ensures reliable core logic unit operation using only N-type transistors... efficient 2T0C DRAM occupies significantly less chip area, contributing to higher integration density... 2D thickness inherently offers a physical mechanism to resist ionizing radiation damage (Total Ionizing Dose), withstanding 10 Mrad gamma radiation, significantly reducing need for heavy external shielding... aerospace, high-reliability computing"

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1103734 "fluorographene nanofiber composite paper... scalable, cost-effective, lightweight... 96.3% transmittance, thermal conductivity for heat dissipation in high-power devices, 197.4 MPa tensile strength, 11.6 MJ·m-3 toughness for durability under extreme conditions... preparation time reduced from 50 to 14 hours, nearly 50% less raw material cost for large-scale industrial production... forgoes harsh acids, uniform dispersion for minimal signal loss... antenna covers, em/ thermal shielding: sensors, aerospace, high-frequency electronics"