Stable and scalable hydrogen production solely from sunlight and water achieves solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 11.2%

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-06-artificial-photosynthesis-surpasses-key-efficiency.html

"direct solar-to-chemical conversion approach reduces electrical resistance losses, minimizes installation footprint... 1 cm² perovskite-based photoelectrodes utilizing chlorine-doped formamidinium lead triiodide absorber layer, nickel-iron-cobalt catalysts, UV-insensitive tin oxide electron transport layers, assembled into 4×4 array... surpasses 10% commercial threshold... nickel foil/ resin encapsulation enables 140 hour continuous operation retaining 99% of initial performance... scalable to PV-size modules"