Iron–chromium redox flow batteries employ bismuth coating, overcoming sluggish reactions/ efficiency loss, to further grid-scale potential

https://phys.org/news/2026-02-safer-effective-solution-large-scale.html

"bismuth electrodeposition onto electrodes speeds up chromium redox reactions >10X, inhibits hydrogen gas parasitic evolution energy waste/ destabilization... stable >500 cycles, 99.29% coulombic efficiency, 75.22% energy efficiency, aqueous electrolytes (non-flammable), iron/ chromium widely available/ inexpensive... energy storage (liquid tank)/ power generation (electrode stack) separation allows for massive, long-duration storage... scalable, durable, economical"