Micro/nanoscale 4D printing: high-resolution time-triggered protocol (TTP) 3D structures

https://phys.org/news/2023-10-micronanoscale-4d-revolution-high-resolution-3d.html

"external stimuli responsiveness, biomimetic self-actuation, color-changing, and shape-morphing... 2-photon polymerization high-resolution 90 to 500 nm... magnetic materials, shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and liquid crystal elastomers... greater printing speed, scalability, and precision... superior chemical, thermal, and mechanical... robust, flexible, and durable... biomedicine, aerospace, flexible electronics, soft robotics,  microactuators, anti-counterfeiting devices, and microbots (including autonomous mobile and bioinspired)"

Related: Swift 4-D printing with shape-memory polymers

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-swift-d-shape-memory-polymers.html