Chloride ions from seawater could replace lithium in batteries of the future

https://techxplore.com/news/2023-08-chloride-ions-seawater-lithium-batteries.html

"redox... iron oxide (U.S. produces >15 MM tons/ yr. scrap iron waste not recycled, much as rust) and hydroxides... chloride ion insertion into Fe(OH)2 layered double hydroxide formed a Green Rust intermediate crystalline material, which assisted a one-charge transfer Fe(OH)2/FeOOH conversion reaction and improved cycling stability... . Therefore, the reported rechargeable alkaline iron battery chemistry helps repurpose the iron rust waste materials for modern energy storage"

Related:

Iron batteries offer an energy transition lesson
https://ciphernews.com/articles/iron-batteries-offer-an-energy-transition-lesson/

WPI Researchers Unlock the “Silicate Magic” for Safer, Cheaper, and More Efficient Batteries
https://www.wpi.edu/news/wpi-researchers-unlock-silicate-magic-safer-cheaper-and-more-efficient-batteries

Upgraded anode moves seawater batteries step closer to primetime
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-03-anode-seawater-batteries-closer-primetime.html

Batteries from rust? Carbon spheres filled with iron oxide deliver high storage capacity
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1115434

Chloride-based seawater battery material delivers 10,000x boost in ion conductivity
https://interestingengineering.com/energy/seawater-chloride-ion-battery-conductivity-breakthrough