GHz burst mode femtosecond laser pulses can create unique two-dimensional periodic surface nanostructures
https://phys.org/news/2023-01-ghz-mode-femtosecond-laser-pulses.html
"on silicon substrates... new paths to femtosecond laser processing for other than ablation, including microbonding, crystallization, polishing, two-photon polymerization, and internal optical waveguide writing... GHz burst mode interacts with excited material in relaxation... induce not only efficient and particular optical absorption by transiently changing in its dielectric constant but also the electromagnetic mechanical interactions under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions"
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