How a voltage pulse technique opens the door to artificial molecular machines

https://research.ibm.com/blog/science-coverstory-artificial-molecular-machines

"Precursor molecules... deposited ultrathin NaCl film on copper crystal... different internal bonds formed and broken... 10-membered carbon ring in the center converted to molecule with 4- and an 8-membered ring, or structure with two 6-membered rings... reversible; can switch from one molecular strcutre to another... molecular machines that perform variable and complex tasks... Different charge states addressed by voltage pulses of different values... energy transferred by tunneling electrons"